Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Deven Cooper
US policy is vague on defining the threat of a cyber-attack.
Adkisson et al. 12 Carnagie Mellon University (CDR James Adkisson, Mr. Tokunbo Davies, LT Brian Evans,¶ Mr. Rick Lanchantin, Ms. Patty Walters, “Law of Armed Conflict:¶ Implications for Navy Cyber Strategy¶ Masters of Information Technology Strategy¶ Practicum – 2012”, http://www.cmu.edu/mits/files/random/mits-cohort1-practicumfinal-lawarmedconflict-implications-aug-2012.pdf)
The uncertain definition of the ‘use of force’…

AND

…ECO is conducted under U.S. Title 50 authorities that govern the operations of the Intelligence Community (IC).
No legal framework that governs cyber-attacks
Loon 12 (Collin Engelbert Peter van Loon Royal Netherlands Army , “Offensive Cyber What are the possibilities of the use of offensive cyber as an offensive capability within the existing international legal framework?”, https://cyberwar.nl/d/MSc-thesis_Offensive-Cyber_Collin-van-Loon_June-2012.pdf)  
Offensive cyber operations are not covered by …
AND
…makes the need for a general international accepted cyber legal framework even more necessary
Plan Text

Plan: The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting cyber attacks that constitute the use of force conducted by the President of the United States except in cases of self-defense. 

Solvency
Equating destructive OCOs to armed attacks solves – States will be deterred
Waxman ’11 (Matthew C, Spring 2011, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Yale Journal of International Law, “Cyber-Attacks and the Use of Force: Back to the Future of Article 2(4),” http://www.yjil.org/docs/pub/36-2-waxman-cyber-attacks-and-the-use-of-force.pdf, pg 431-433) BVG
To whatever extent Article 2(4)’s meaning was settled and stable by the…
And
…giving rise to the right of military self-defense.54¶
Congressional restrictions on OCOs solve reckless use of OCOs
Bastby 12 (Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee (Judy, CEO of Global Cyber Risk, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk” June 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/2/)
Perhaps more important than being out of the cyber coordination…

AND

…our nation at risk and demonstrates cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership.
Norms are essential to solve — they can’t be created unless OCOs are addressed
Goldsmith 10 (Professor of Law at Harvard, Can we stop the Cyber Arms Race, Jack Goldsmith teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee that issued the report "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities.", http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks)
In a speech this month on "Internet freedom," Secretary of State Hillary…

AND

…private cyber arms race in an arena where the offense already has a natural advantage.
Congress must initiate the restriction — anything else is perceived as abdication
Hansen and Friedman 9 (Professors at the New England School of Law, (Victor and Lawrence, The Case for Congress: Separation of Powers and the War on Terror, p.130)
The problem, of course, is that much of this congressional involvement has…
AND
…for Congress to stand up to an assertive and aggressive president.

Adv 1: Infrastructure
Current preemptive OCO policy backfires- creates priority confusion and drains cyber-defense resources

Healey ’13 (Jason Healey, 03/08/13, director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, US News and World Report, “Obama's Cyberwarfare Strategy Will Backfire,” http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/08/clandestine-american-strategy-on-cyberwarfare-will-backfire) ETB

America's generals and spymasters have…

AND

…resources dedicated for defense but overtakes other priorities as well.

Current focus on cyber-attack capability trades off with fixing critical cyber vulnerabilities

Rid 13 (Thomas Rid, 02/04/13, reader at the Department of War Studies, King's College London, “Cyber Fail
The Obama administration's lousy record on cyber security,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112314/obama-administrations-lousy-record-cyber-security#) ETB

But the rhetoric of war doesn't accurately describe much of what happened…

AND

…would have made some progress towards that goal, the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, has stalled indefinitely in the Senate.

First is the grid:
Grid attacks take out C and C – kills mission effectiveness and risks nuke war.
Tilford ’12 (Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, “Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast” 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa)

To make matters worse a cyber attack that…

AND

…That could include the use of “nuclear weapons”, if authorized by the President.
Loss of mission effectiveness causes nuclear war in every hotspot – Key 2 Heg
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly…
AND
…at least 25,000 a year immediately. Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Hegemony solves nuclear war and extinction – even if multipolarity is inevitable, US power is key to peaceful transition.
Barnett ‘11 (Thomas P.M., 03/07/11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads) BVG
Events in Libya are a further reminder for…
AND
…setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

Second are nuclear reactors:
Nuclear reactors are equipped with SCADA systems – SCADA systems are vulnerable to cyber attacks
Olson ’12 (Thomas Olson, 10/24/12, Staff Writer for TribLIVe, TribLIVe.com,” Westinghouse, McAfee to equip nuclear plants with new cybersecurity systems,” http://triblive.com/business/headlines/2830771-74/systems-nuclear-westinghouse-cyber-plants-control-power-attacks-cybersecurity-digital#axzz2AiqpCYsE) BVG

Amid growing concern about cyber attacks on America‘s infrastructure…

AND

…The company employs about 14,000 people, including about 6,000 in Western Pennsylvania, mostly at its headquarters.
Cyber attack causes multiple meltdowns
Modern Survival ’10 (Ken, Modern Survival, a blog based around the threats in the 21st century and how to survive them, “Cyber Terrorism – Nuclear Power Plants – Grid,” http://modernsurvivalblog.com/nuclear/cyber-terrorism-nuclear-power-plants-grid/) BVG
The recent discovery of the “Stuxnet” computer worm cyber-weapon…
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…changing world of uncertain times.
Meltdowns cause extinction
Lendman ’11 (Stephen, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,”, The People’s Voice http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan)

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in damage, up to then the most costly…
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… impacting the entire region. "It could be, literally, an apocalyptic event.
Adv 2: Satellites
US satellites vulnerable to hacking – commercial and defense satellites most vulnerable
Kurtin ’13 (Owen D, 05/08/13, Attorney focused on Biotech and Life Sciences, Communications and Media, IT, Satellites and Space; also Founder and Principal of investment firm The Vinland Group, Kurtin PLLC, The firm’s practice focuses on corporate, commercial, and regulatory representation for both mature and early stage companies, investors and lenders in the Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Communications and Media, Information Technologies and Satellites and Space sectors, “CLIENT ADVISORY: SATELLITE HACKING AND CYBERSECURITY,” http://www.kurtinlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Kurtin-PLLC-Satellite-Hacking-and-Cybersecurity-Client-Advisory.pdf) BVG
The growing threat of cyber-attacks and network hacking…
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…and perhaps even after it does, satellite hacking remains a credible and serious threat.
Cyber-attacks takeout satellites
Donahue, 10 – USAF Major (Jack, “CATASTROPHE ON THE HORIZON: A SCENARIO-BASED FUTURE EFFECT OF ORBITAL SPACE DEBRIS,” https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q_mod_be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153/q_act_downloadpaper/q_obj_af691818-359f-4999-be24-f88ca154bd94/display.aspx?rs=enginespage)
Another unpredictable driving force that needs to be considered is…
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…could significantly impact space systems for years.90
Loss of satellites risks miscalculation -~-- unique escalation to nuclear war
Tyson 07 (Rhianna Tyson, Program Officer of the Global Security Institute, “Advancing a Cooperative Security Regime in Outer Space,” Global Security Institute, May 2007, http://www.worldacademy.org/files/Advancing20a20Cooperative20Security20Regime20in20Outer20Space.pdf)
Beyond the severe economic repercussions resulting from disrupted commercial…
AND
…governments may resort to using nuclear weapons.
Independently undermines the balance of deterrence and leads to global preemptive aggression
Burke, 6 – Lt Col, USAF, command space professional with operational experience in missile operations, space surveillance, space control, missile warning, and command and control (Alan, “SPACE THREAT WARNING: FOUNDATION FOR SPACE SUPERIORITY, AVOIDING A SPACE PEARL HARBOR,” https://www.afresearch.org/skins/RIMS/display.aspx?moduleid=be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153andmode=userandaction=researchprojectandobjectid=07acf878-3a5f-4a2c-8259-4a34c0717e9b)
The erosion of the US ability to execute the space threat…
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…awareness which decreased fratricide and facilitating search and rescue operations and reinforcement operations.49
Space-based cyber-warfare leads to space weaponization
Bowcott ’13 (Owen, 09/11/13, legal affairs correspondent, The Guardian, “Outer space demilitarisation agreement threatened by new technologies,” http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/11/outer-space-demilitarisation-weapons-technologies) BVG
Developments in satellite technologies and cyber-warfare are threatening…
AND
…Banks, telecommunications, power and many infrastructures could fail,
Space Weaponization ensures Arms Race – States will weaponize
Blazejewski ‘08 (Kenneth S, Spring 2008, private practice in New York City, focusing primarily on international ¶ corporate and financial transactions, master’s degree in public affairs from the Woodrow ¶ Wilson School at Princeton University and his JD degree from the New York University School of Law, The Air University: Strategic Studies Quarterly, “Space Weaponization and US-China Relations,” http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2008/Spring/blazejewski.pdf) BVG
First, if the United States proceeds with space weaponization China will …
AND
… decision not to launch the first space weapons program.
Space Weapons lead to all forms of war – causes extinction
Mitchell ‘01 (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence:  Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)

A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of…
AND
…in space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.
The lack of settled framework makes the threat of retaliation and counterstrike impossible – allowing counterstrikes solves
Kesan and Hayes 12 * Professor, H. Ross and Helen Workman Research Scholar, and Director of the Program in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, University of Illinois College of Law.  Research Fellow, University of Illinois College of Law Jay P. Kesan* and Carol M. Hayes, MITIGATIVE COUNTERSTRIKING: SELF-DEFENSE AND DETERRENCE IN CYBERSPACE, Spring, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 25 Harv. J. Law and Tec 415
Ideas, computers, and intellectual property have become extremely important in the modern Information AgE…
AND
… approaches in order to afford these private parties more protection against these threats.
This solve future cyber conflict. Which escalates
Kramer et. al 12 (Franklin D. Kramer is a distinguished research fellow in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University. He served as the assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs from 1996 to 2001. Stuart H. Starr is also a distinguished research fellow in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University. He concurrently serves as the president of the Barcroft Research Institute. Larry Wentz is a senior research fellow in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University., “Cyberpower and National Security”)
Cyber attacks—hacking of various kinds—are a fact of modern life. …
AND
…in Iraq, seems different than dealing with a new problem where force has not already been used.
Mission failure is inevitable without Congressional deliberation  
Griffin 12 – Professor of Constitutional Law @ Tulane University Stephen Griffin, “The Tragedy of the War Power: Presidential Decisionmaking from Truman to Obama,” APSA 2012 Annual Meeting Paper…
AND
…been used to approve wars since 1945.232 The question for the future is whether such a process is possible.  Pg. 31-37

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber BS | Judge: JeanettE Rodriguez
Same Advs

New Plan Text:
Plan: The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting non-retaliatory armed attacks in cyber space authorized by the President of the United States.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 1 | Opponent: Los Rios PR | Judge: Marvin Carter
Same aff as Sac State Garcia Fletcher

Brazil Adv

Scenario 1 – Trafficking
NSA spying hurting US-Brazil Relations
Trinkunas ’13 (Harold, 09/18/13, Senior Fellow and Director, Foreign Policy, Latin America Initiative, Brookings Institute,  “U.S.-Brazil Relations and NSA Electronic Surveillance,” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/09/18-us-brazil-nsa-surveillance-trinkunas#) BVG

Taken at face value, the postponement of the state visit by President Dilma Rousseff
AND
NSA electronic intelligence collection is not likely to be much of a consolation.

Recent Aircraft deal proves relations are on the brink
Soto et. al. 13 (Alonso and Brian Winter, 12/18/13, Reporters for Reuters, The Huffington Post, “Brazil Chooses Saab Jet Deal For Air Force After NSA Spying Sours Boeing Bid,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/18/brazil-saab-jet-deal_n_4469386.html) BVG

BRASILIA/SAO PAULO, Dec 18 (Reuters) - Brazil awarded a $
AND
that the Gripen is a well-functioning system which is cost efficient.”
Relations key to stop trafficking – specifically in the TBA
Meyer ’13 (Peter, 02/27/13, Analyst in Latin American Affairs, Federation of American Scientists, Congressional Research Service, “Brazil-U.S. Relations,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf) BVG
Security Cooperation¶ Although U.S.-Brazilian cooperation on security issues has traditionally
AND
a result of hosting the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics.98
Trafficking leads to terrorists acquiring nukes – TBA biggest factor
NTI ’13 (Nuclear Threat Initiative, 11/08/13, nonprofit, nonpartisan organization with a mission to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and to work to build the trust, transparency, and security that are preconditions to the ultimate fulfillment of the Non-Proliferation Treaty’s goals and ambitions, NTI, “Latin America and the Caribbean 1540 Reporting,” http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/latin-america-caribbean-1540/) BVG

Latin America and the Caribbean¶ For the purposes of this overview, the Latin
AND
the global fight against money laundering and related security threats. 16
Nuclear terrorism causes nuclear retaliation - extinction
Ayson 10 (Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
Plan solves sends positive signal to Brazil – helps fix the relationship
Barbosa ’13 (Rubens, 12/20/13, Former Brazilian Ambassador to the US, Inter-American Dialogues, “What Does 2014 Hold for U.S.-Latin America Relations?” http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3462) BVG

Q: In 2013, President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary
AND
to Mexico, Brazil should be treated differently in the Latin American context."
Scenario 2 – Elections
NSA spying hurts Rouseffs image – critical in an election year
Trinkunas ’13 (Harold, 09/18/13, Senior Fellow and Director, Foreign Policy, Latin America Initiative, Brookings Institute,  “U.S.-Brazil Relations and NSA Electronic Surveillance,” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/09/18-us-brazil-nsa-surveillance-trinkunas#) BVG

¶ Adding to Brazilian outrage is the revelation that it was identified alongside with China
AND
that are indignant at the thought of routine U.S. surveillance.
Rousseffs winning but its close
The Economist ’14 (The Economist, 01/04/14, “Latin America’s largest economy enters an unpredictable election year,” http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21592623-latin-americas-largest-economy-enters-unpredictable-election-year-kick-approaches) BVG

“IT’S not about the 50 cents” reads a scrawl on a shop shutter
AND
who manages to advance in the polls could quickly take a commanding lead.
Rousseff key to stop deforestation – She’s set a hardline on amazon policies
Meyer ’13 (Peter, 02/27/13, Analyst in Latin American Affairs, Federation of American Scientists, Congressional Research Service, “Brazil-U.S. Relations,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf) BVG

Amazon Conservation¶ The Amazon basin spans the borders of eight countries and is the
AND
Amazon such as the Atlantic Rainforest, Caatinga, and Cerrado ecosystems.170

Amazon destruction causes extinction
Takacs 96 (Ph.D. in science and technology studies @ Cornell, Professor of Environmental Humanities, Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy, California State University, Monterey Bay, David, The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise, p. 200-1)

"Habitat destruction and conversion are eliminating species at such a frightening pace that extinction
AND
the famines could lead to a thermonuclear war, which could extinguish civilization.""

The Amazon is key to medicine and solving warming
Brown President of the Amazon International Rain Forest Reserve 7/12/13 (Annett, President of Amazon International Rain Forest Reserve, “WHY SHOULD I HELP SAVE THE AMAZON RAINFOREST,” http://en.amazonrainforest.org/Community/Letters/WhyShouldIHelpSaveTheAmazonRainforest/tabid/78/Default.aspx Date accessed: 7/12/13) KG

Although the rainforest is the Earth’s oldest living ecosystem and has been around for millions
AND
is right here, right now, right where you and I live. 

Warming is real and anthropogenic – causes extinction
Deibel ‘07 (Terry L, Professor of IR @ National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today) JFS

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
Plan bolsters her criticisms makes her look strong for voters
Trinkunas ’13 (Harold, 09/18/13, Senior Fellow and Director, Foreign Policy, Latin America Initiative, Brookings Institute,  “U.S.-Brazil Relations and NSA Electronic Surveillance,” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/09/18-us-brazil-nsa-surveillance-trinkunas#) BVG

¶ The Rousseff administration’s immediate proposals to address the espionage revelations indicate that it is
AND
since its popularity has only just begun to rebound after recent social unrest.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: Gordon Stables
Plan Text

Plan: Based on a congressional assessment the United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting executive foreign electronic intelligence collection on issues that are not determined to be a significant threat to national security.

Solvency

Plan is bipartisan - Congress wants to do it
Peters 13 (Jeremy, 11/18/13, reporter in the Washington bureau of The New York Times, The New York Times, “Congress and Courts Weigh Restraints on N.S.A. Spying,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/politics/congress-and-courts-weigh-restraints-on-nsa-spying.html?_r=0) WHB 

Congressional critics of the National Security Agency program that collects the telephone records of millions
AND
on how many times they have violated their own privacy rules and safeguards.¶ 

The court is siding with the gov – only the plan solves
NYT ’13 (The Editorial Board, 12/27/13, New York Times, “This Week, Mass Surveillance Wins,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/opinion/this-week-mass-surveillance-wins.html?_r=0) BVG

Has the National Security Agency’s mass collection of Americans’ phone records actually helped to prevent
AND
that continues to take advantage of the law’s vague and malleable standards.?

Executive Action not enough – congressional checks are key
Pizzi 01/17/14 (Michael, Digital News Producer, Al Jazeera, “Obama offers surveillance reforms amid continued privacy concerns,” http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/17/president-obama-announcesfirstscalebacktonsasurveillancesince911.html) BVG
Passing the buck to Congress¶ Obama also tackled the widely publicized, seemingly indiscriminate
AND
S. surveillance policy, well, he can’t do that by himself.”

The plan forces the gov to defend its policies leads to transparency
Bradbury ’11(Steven G, 04/18/11, former head of the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) in the United States Department of Justice during the George W. Bush administration, Harvard Law School National Security Journal, “The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and Offensive Cyber Operations,” http://harvardnsj.org/2011/04/the-developing-legal-framework-for-defensive-and-offensive-cyber-operations/) BVG
One final admonition I’ll offer on the topic of offensive cyber ¶ operations: In
AND
understand and appreciate the ¶ choices made on both sides of the question. 

Adv 1 – The EU

First is Leadership

Spying hurts trust – key to EU leadership
Dahlburg et al. ’13 (John-Thor Dahlburg and Geir Moulson, 10/25/13, staff writers for the Associated Press, Boston Globe, “Alleged NSA spying hurt trust, German leader says,” http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2013/10/24/merkel-spying-has-shattered-allies-trust/qtGtfrLbT8X41goebiKcvM/story.html) BVG

BRUSSELS — European leaders united in anger Thursday as they attended a summit overshadowed by
AND
prominent leader such as Merkel, presumably for inside political or economic information.

Strong Germany key to EU Leadership – France has conceded and the rest of the EU will follow
Palmer ’14 (Richard, 01/16/14, analyst at Trumpet.com, reports and analyzes of recent global geopolitical, economic, social and religious events and trends, Trumpet.com, “France Surrenders EU Leadership to Germany,” http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/11302.19.0.0/economy/france-surrenders-eu-leadership-to-germany) BVG

It’s hard to write on France without mentioning the most sensational story of the day
AND
information on this, read our article “Germany Is Conquering Europe!” ?

Despite Truce fighting can break out in Ukraine
Black ’02/21/14 (Phil, correspondent for CNN, CNN, “Deal signed to end Ukraine crisis,” http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/21/world/europe/ukraine-protests/) BVG

Kiev, Ukraine (CNN) -- Ukraine's President and opposition leaders agreed Friday to
AND
to this week's violence with sanctions against Ukrainians deemed responsible for the violence.

EU leadership key to prevent Ukraine Civil War
Reuters ’14 (Reuters, 02/20/14, “EU seeks peace as Ukraine death toll hits 75,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/20/us-ukraine-idUSBREA1G0OU20140220) BVG
(Reuters) - European Union ministers sought to broker a political settlement in Ukraine
AND
so far appeared reluctant to consider, a year before his term ends.

Ukraine civil war draws in US and Russia – escalates to nuclear war
Roberts ’14 (Paul Craig, 02/20/14, OpEdNews, Former Assistant Secretary of the US Treasury for Economic Policy in the Reagan Administration, “Is Ukraine Drifting Toward Civil War And Great Power Confrontation?” http://www.opednews.com/articles/1/Is-Ukraine-Drifting-Toward-by-Paul-Craig-Roberts-Civil-Disobedience_Police_Russia_Ukraine-140220-14.html) BVG

As I have reported previously, Russia regards the prospect of Ukraine as a member
AND
insanity.¶ The world could end before the unpayable Western debts come due.

Russian intervention likely – they’ll invoke Budapest Memorandum
Rudenko ‘14 (Nele Obermueller and Olga, 02/06/14, Journalists from Kiev frontlines, USA Today, “Russian adviser threatens Ukraine with military force,” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/02/06/ukraine-protests-russia-military-threats/5259777/) BVG
KIEV, Ukraine — Ukrainian protesters said Thursday they have no doubt Russia will intervene
AND
in favor of a $15 billion loan and gas deliveries from Putin.

Russia war causes extinction
Ira Helfand 9, M.D., and John O. Pastore, M.D., are past presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility. March 31, “U.S.-Russia nuclear war still a threat”, http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_pastoreline_03-31-09_EODSCAO_v15.bbdf23.html

President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are scheduled to Wednesday in London during the
AND
alert status of nuclear weapons that existed  in 1995 remains in place today.

The plan solves - EU leadership stops power competition between the US, Russia, and China and solves global climate coordination
Patrick R. Hugg 11, the John J. McAulay Professor of Law, Loyola University New Orleans College of Law, Winter 2011, “Redefining the European Union's Position in the Emerging Multipolar World: Strong Global Leadership Potential, Restrained by Asymmetry of Power and Dissonant Voices,” Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 20 Tul. J. Int'l and Comp. L. 145, p. lexis
The unprecedented pace of change unfolding in today's multipolar world is producing a new global
AND
Russian Gazprom, to be both a supplier and transit provider. n43?

Congressional assessment solves - increases relations
Dyer ’13 (Geoff, 12/19/13, Reporter for Financial Times, Financial Times, “US spy review leaves surveillance of foreign leaders in grey area,” http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1c6f5c26-68d6-11e3-996a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2pPo9dUJO) BVG
Under pressure after two blistering critiques this week of his administration’s electronic surveillance activities,
AND
negotiating strategy but is not critical to national security,” the report says.

US needs to send signal – Germany’s willing to cooperate
Torry ’14 (Harriet, 01/31/14, writes about the German government, economy, and society from The Wall Street Journal's Berlin bureau, The Wall Street Journal, “U.S. and Germany Signal Willingness to Repair Strained Relations,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304428004579354432652898774) BVG
BERLIN—U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and German Chancellor Angela
AND
such questions of NSA activities openly even when there are differences."¶ 

Obama’s recent speech not enough for EU – congressional action needed
Traynor et al.’14 (Ian, 01/17/14 Guardian's European editor, Philip Oltermann is the Guardian and Observer's Berlin correspondent, Patrick Wintour is political editor for the Guardian, The Guardian, “Obama NSA reforms receive mixed response in Europe and Brazil,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/obama-nsa-reforms-reaction-europe-brazil) BVG

Europeans were largely underwhelmed by Barack Obama's speech on limited reform of US espionage practices
AND
develop a dialogue about a mutual understanding of these terms," he said.

Adv 2 – Brazil

NSA spying hurting US-Brazil Relations
Trinkunas ’13 (Harold, 09/18/13, Senior Fellow and Director, Foreign Policy, Latin America Initiative, Brookings Institute,  “U.S.-Brazil Relations and NSA Electronic Surveillance,” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/09/18-us-brazil-nsa-surveillance-trinkunas#) BVG
Taken at face value, the postponement of the state visit by President Dilma Rousseff
AND
NSA electronic intelligence collection is not likely to be much of a consolation.

Recent talks prove relations are on the brink
BP ’14 (BRICS Post, 01/31/14, international news and views website with writers, analysts, and experts in over a dozen countries, “NSA spying fallout: Brazil-US talks fail,” http://thebricspost.com/nsa-spying-fallout-brazil-us-talks-fail/#.Uu8gEXddVc8) BVG
Brazil on Thursday said the US has not been able to satisfactorily answer the spying
AND
drafted by Brazil and Germany, was passed by the UN rights committee.

Obama’s speech not enough – further action needed
Traynor et al. ‘14 (Ian, 01/17/14 Guardian's European editor, Philip Oltermann is the Guardian and Observer's Berlin correspondent, Patrick Wintour is political editor for the Guardian, The Guardian, “Obama NSA reforms receive mixed response in Europe and Brazil,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/obama-nsa-reforms-reaction-europe-brazil) BVG
Brazil¶ The government of Brazil has gone further than most in criticising the US
AND
, needed to do more to reduce the country's dependence on US technology.

We have 2 impacts

First is Drug Trafficking

Relations key to stop drug trafficking in the TBA
Meyer ’13 (Peter, 02/27/13, Analyst in Latin American Affairs, Federation of American Scientists, Congressional Research Service, “Brazil-U.S. Relations,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf) BVG
Security Cooperation¶ Although U.S.-Brazilian cooperation on security issues has traditionally
AND
a result of hosting the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics.98
Drug Trafficking in the TBA - leads to nuclear terrorism
NTI ’13 (Nuclear Threat Initiative, 11/08/13, nonprofit, nonpartisan organization with a mission to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and to work to build the trust, transparency, and security that are preconditions to the ultimate fulfillment of the Non-Proliferation Treaty’s goals and ambitions, NTI, “Latin America and the Caribbean 1540 Reporting,” http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/latin-america-caribbean-1540/) BVG

Latin America and the Caribbean¶ For the purposes of this overview, the Latin
AND
the global fight against money laundering and related security threats. 16

Nuclear terrorism causes nuclear retaliation - extinction
Ayson 10 (Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response. 

Second is Human Trafficking 

Relations key to stop human trafficking
Meyer ’13 (Peter, 02/27/13, Analyst in Latin American Affairs, Federation of American Scientists, Congressional Research Service, “Brazil-U.S. Relations,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf) BVG
According to the U.S. State Department’s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
AND
increase anti-trafficking training for law enforcement and ¶ judicial officials.147
Human Trafficking is incredibly dehumanizing – it should be rejected
HT ’14 (Human Trafficking, Accessed 02/07/14, “Social Impacts of Human Trafficking,” http://htia.weebly.com/social-impact.html) BVG
The social impacts of human trafficking are rather universal. This does not denote them
AND
, people are spreading life threatening diseases, such as HIV and AIDS.

Cooperation solves trafficking
Brown ‘12 (Lieutenant Colonel Lawrence T. Brown, 3-23-12, Restoring the “Unwritten Alliance” in Brazil—United States Relations, Strategy Research Project, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560773)
Strengthened military relations naturally flow from improved diplomatic ones. As ¶ regional leaders,
AND
United States attacked Iran, then Hezbollah would conduct retaliatory attacks inside the ¶
Plan solves sends positive signal to Brazil – helps fix the relationship
Barbosa ’13 (Rubens, 12/20/13, Former Brazilian Ambassador to the US, Inter-American Dialogues, “What Does 2014 Hold for U.S.-Latin America Relations?” http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3462) BVG
Q: In 2013, President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary
AND
to Mexico, Brazil should be treated differently in the Latin American context."

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fresno AC | Judge: Victor Brazelton
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily ban the preemptive use of offensive cyber operations by the President of the United States. 

Adv 1- Cyber War

Scenario 1 is cyber prolif:
Status quo offensive cyber operations by the US has set a precedent that is being modeled by other countries – leads to proliferation of cyberweapons
Gjelten 13
(Tom Gjelten, correspondent for NPR, “Pentagon Goes On The Offensive Against Cyberattacks” February 11, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171677247/pentagon-goes-on-the-offensive-against-cyber-attacks, KB)

With the Pentagon now officially recognizing cyberspace as a domain of warfare…

AND

…have given speeches and spoken at conferences and other public events.and#34;
Cyberweapons are proliferating at a rapid pace – it makes attacks likely on the US and allies
Walsh 11
(Eddie Walsh, The Diplomatand#39;s Pentagon (accredited) correspondent and a WSD-Handa Fellow at Pacific Forum CSIS, “The Cyber Proliferation Threat” October 6, 2011, http://thediplomat.com/new-leaders-forum/2011/10/06/the-cyber-proliferation-threat/, KB)

The United States might not be quite as far ahead of other nations in…

AND

…the number of potential targets is almost infinite and not limited by geography.’

US vulnerability is at an all-time high – sectors are interconnected and a cyberattack would collapse mission effectiveness
Liff 12
(ADAM P. LIFF, Doctoral Candidate, Department of Politics, Princeton University, “Cyberwar: A New ‘Absolute Weapon’? The Proliferation of Cyberwarfare Capabilities and Interstate War” Journal of Strategic Studies¶ Volume 35, Issue 3, 2012 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01402390.2012.663252, KB)

Many argue that the most worrisome aspect of …

AND

…thereby¶ (potentially) further lowering the expected costs of an attack.
Loss of mission effectiveness causes nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every…

AND

…measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.
An attack is likely - causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9
Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf

This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in…

AND

…the need for compromising command and control centres directly.  

The plan solves – US norms against OCO’s is critical to reverse cyberweapon prolif
Goldsmith 10
Jack Goldsmith, teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institutionand#39;s Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee, “Can we stop the cyber arms race?” February 01, 2010, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks, KB)

In a speech this month on and#34;Internet freedom…

AND

…exchange for reciprocal concessions by our adversaries.

?
Banning preemptive attacks is key – provides international credibility and deters attack

Clarke and Knake ‘12 (Richard (former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States) and Robert (Cybersecurity and homeland security expert at the Council on Foreign Relations), Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It, Harper Collins Books, 2012, RSR)
Balancing our desire for military flexibility…

AND

…potential for international sanctions increased.

Scenario 2 is preemption:
Squo offensive cyber doctrine leads to preemptive attacks and arms races

Xu 2013 (Xu Longdi, PhD and Associate Research Fellow at the China Institute of International Studies in Beijing, April 10, 2013, “Obama Intensifies Cybersecurity Measures,” China Institute for International Studies, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2013-04/10/content_5864549.htm)
Intense moves by the U.S. are the newest in its assiduous efforts…

AND

…However, it is doubtful whether it could achieve this much-needed legitimacy for preemption.

Preemptive strikes cause escalation to shooting war

Clarke 2009 (Richard Clarke, special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration and chairman of Good Harbor Consulting, November/December 2009, “War from Cyberspace,” The National Interest, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Clarkecyber.pdf)
As in the 1960s, the speed of war is rapidly accelerating…

AND

…might well respond with “kinetic activity.”

That causes nuclear miscalc due to hair-trigger response

Clark and Andreasen 13
(Richard A. Clarke, the chairman of Good Harbor Security Risk Management, was special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration. Steve Andreasen, a consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, was the National Security Council’s staff director for defense policy and arms control from 1993 to 2001, “Cyberwar’s threat does not justify a new policy of nuclear deterrence” June 14, 2013, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-14/opinions/39977598_1_nuclear-weapons-cyber-attack-cyberattacks, KB)

President Obama is expected to unveil a new nuclear policy initiative…

AND

…centers could ultimately lead to shared approaches to cybersecurity, including agreements related to limiting cyberwar.

Banning preemptive attacks solves

Clarke and Knake ‘10
Richard Alan Clarke is the former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States. Robert K. Knake, Former international affairs fellow in residence @ CFR. Cyber War. ETB

In nuclear war strategy, the Soviet Union proposed that we and…

AND

…not want to provoke a cyber phase to a war.

Adv 2- SOP

Lack of congressional oversight on cyber operations undermines SOP
Lorber 13
Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University
Department of Political Science. Journal Of Constitutional Law 15.3 https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013. ETB

Yet addressing these questions is increasingly important for two reasons…

AND

…executive’s commander-in-chief power15 and Congress’s war-making ¶ authority.16

Constraining a militarized cyberwar policy is key to soft power.

Belk and Noyes ‘12
(Robert (Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School) and Matthew (studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting), “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”, 3-20-12, Office of Naval Research, RSR)

Over the past decade, hard power has dominated U.S…

AND

…drive the way it is perceived ¶ abroad and hence the way such an operation affects American soft power.

Soft power prevents extinction – disease, climate change, terrorism, and great power war
Joseph Nye 8 is professor of international relations at Harvard University, “American Power After the Financial Crises,” http://www.foresightproject.net/publications/articles/article.asp?p=3533, DOA: 7-23-13, y2k
Power always depends on context, and in todayand#39;s world, it is distributed in a pattern…

AND

…country cannot achieve its aims without the help of others.

Even small violations of separation of powers must be avoided like nuclear war risks
Redish and Cisar 91    professor of law at Northwestern and Law Clerk to Chief Judge William Bauer, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Martin H. and Elizabeth J., December 1991, IF ANGELS WERE TO GOVERNand#34; *: THE NEED FOR PRAGMATIC FORMALISM IN SEPARATION OF POWERS THEORY ,1992 Duke Law Journal, 41 Duke L.J. 449, p. 474
In summary, no defender of separation of powers…

AND

…forced into the position of saying, “I told you so.”

Early SOP key to prevent escalation of prez powers and massive inter-branch conflict
Taylor- Robinson and Ura 12 (Michelle M, Joseph, and#34;Public opinion and conflict in the separation of powers: Understanding the Honduran coup of 2009,and#34; Journal of Theoretical Politics, Oct 9, jtp.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/10/07/0951629812453216.full.pdf)
Finally, our model shows that once inter-institutional…

AND

…to resolving a con?ict¶ once it has emerged.

Interbranch conflict causes extinction
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not…

AND

…an intense political dialogue that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).
Congressional failure to act leads to massive expansion in prez power- action needed now
Dycus 10
Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB

If Congress now fails to enact guidelines for…

AND

…participate in the formulation of national policy.

Even small violations of separation of powers must be avoided like nuclear war risks
Redish and Cisar 91    professor of law at Northwestern and Law Clerk to Chief Judge William Bauer, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Martin H. and Elizabeth J., December 1991, IF ANGELS WERE TO GOVERNand#34; *: THE NEED FOR PRAGMATIC FORMALISM IN SEPARATION OF POWERS THEORY ,1992 Duke Law Journal, 41 Duke L.J. 449, p. 474
In summary, no defender of separation of powers…

AND

...into the position of saying, “I told you so.”
Tyranny must be rejected 

Petro 74 Sylvester Petro, professor of law at Wake Forest, Spring 1974, Toledo Law Review, p. 480
However, one may still insist on echoing Ernest…

AND

…emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

Solvency

NFU for large-scale attacks reduces the risk of cyberattack

Owens et al. ‘9
William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, editors, ¶ Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council. http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf ETB

No first use of large-scale cyberattacks…

AND

…lower likelihood that it would experience such an ¶ attack.

Congressional action is critical to cyber expertise and preserves presidential flexibility

Dycus ‘10
Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB

Congress’s active role in the development and implementation of…

AND

…expertise and experiences to work together to meet these challenges, as the ¶ Framers intended.
Congressional oversight solves cyberwar -  creates checks and transparency.
Healey and Wilson ‘13 (Jason (director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council) and A.J. (visiting fellow at the Atlantic Council), “Cyber Conflict and the War Powers¶ Resolution: Congressional Oversight¶ of Hostilities in the Fifth Domain”, Atlantic Council, Issue Brief, February 2013, RSR)
The administration’s interpretation of “hostilities…

AND

…Even in¶ cyberspace, there is a voice for both branches.

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Los Rios PR | Judge: Aaron Weathers
Pretty much the same as round 4