Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Josh Miller
Immigration reform passage likely- GOP support growing, activism, legalization compromises and leadership from Obama
Latin Times, 14 (Oscar Lopez, 1/1/14, “New Year 2014: Reasons Immigration Reform will Pas in 2014”, http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778)
Immigration reform is set to be the key issue of 2014. Following Mitt Romney's
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, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.
PC key to immigration reform- pressure works
Sanders, 2013 (Bob Ray Sanders, 10/26/13, “There’s No Better Time for Obama to Push Immigration Reform”, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-10-28/news/fl-bscol-immigration-oped1028-20131028_1_immigration-bill-immigration-reform-house-speaker-john-boehner)
Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an end
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file for office  and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.
War Power Restrictions saps Political Capital
Holm and Werner,07 (Peter Holm and Timothy Werner, 3/07, “Political Capital and Presidential War Powers:
Sources of Congressional Assertiveness on the Use of Force”, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/immigration-reform-95980.html) 

This research suggests that calls for greater informational parity between Congress and the president¶
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, content to avoid potential punishment lest a major military endeavor go bad.

High skilled workers key to sustainable growth- stops double dip recession
Haseltine 10 (Eric, 08/ 24, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html, Huffington Post)
Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
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jobs that were so attractive in the post-Sputnik 60's and 70's.
Economic collapse causes global wars
Royal ‘10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Josh Miller
Friendly democracies can decipher between good and bad US norms, and authoritarian nations don’t care either way
McGinnis 7 (John O, Ilya Somin, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, “GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175)
The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
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compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.
No impact to global drone prolif and it’s impossible to solve
Sueldo 12 (Alejandro, 4/11/12, J.D. candidate and Dean’s Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and a PhD candidate at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London of the University of London, Politico, “The coming drone arms race,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=70B6B991-ECA7-4E5F-BE80-FD8F8A1B5E90) BVG

Of particular concern are the legal and policy challenges posed if other states imitate the
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is virtually limitless, states are now unwilling to control how drones evolve.
U.S. drone use doesn’t set a precedent and norms don’t apply to drones
Etzioni 13 (Amitai, March/April 2013, professor of IR at George Washington University, “The Great Drone Debate,” Military Review, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf) BVG

Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
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). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited.
Signal arguments are wrong --- nations won’t perceive it
Kriner 10 (Douglas, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 81-2)
First, in many cases congressional signals will likely have only a modest influence on
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that their cost-benefit calculations should be more impervious to congressional signals.
Restricting targeted killing authority causes the Executive to shift justifications to self-defense authority - destroys the plan’s signal and norms - causes global instability
Barnes 12 (JD Candidate @ Boston University School of Law (13) and MA Candidate in Law and Diplomacy @ The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (13) Barnes, Beau D., “Reauthorizing the War on Terror: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57 (2012) pp. 57-114)

A failure to reauthorize military force would lead to significant negative consequences on the international
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and rooting counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation.”152
Shifting to self-defense turns allies and norms
Barnes 12 (JD Candidate @ Boston University School of Law (13) and MA Candidate in Law and Diplomacy @ The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (13) Barnes, Beau D., “Reauthorizing the War on Terror: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57 (2012) pp. 57-114) 

Widely accepted legal arguments also facilitate cooperation from U.S. allies, especially
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the continued successful targeting of Al Qaeda members, is rapidly approaching zero.
The plan causes a shift to use of self-defense to justify targeted killings---that destroys credibility and causes judicial review which collapses the overall TK program
Barnes 12 (JD Candidate @ Boston University School of Law (13) and MA Candidate in Law and Diplomacy @ The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (13) Barnes, Beau D., “Reauthorizing the War on Terror: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57 (2012) pp. 57-114) 

Therefore, the more likely result is that the Executive Branch, grappling with the
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cooperation with allies and hindering negotiations with adversaries. Pg. 88-89
Self-defense justification turns drone norms and prolif
Barnes 12 (JD Candidate @ Boston University School of Law (13) and MA Candidate in Law and Diplomacy @ The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (13) Barnes, Beau D., “Reauthorizing the War on Terror: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57 (2012) pp. 57-114) 

A new AUMF is the best option available to U.S. policymakers if
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authorizing unlimited, permanent war with whomever the President deems an enemy.8

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Josh Miller
Plan: The Executive Branch should restrict targets of targeted killing operations using pilotless aircraft units outside declared zones of conflict to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States
Executive self-binding solves credibility.
Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule, Summer 2007. Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School; and Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. “The Credible Executive,” University of Chicago Law Review, http://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/74.3/74_3_Posner_Vermeule.pdf.

Our aim in this Article is to identify this dilemma of credibility that afflicts the
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to actions or policies that only a well-motivated president would adopt.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Josh Miller
The affirmative’s discursive constructions of the world aren’t grounded in reality—their claims to objectivity only mask Orientalism’s violence
Marandi 09— head of dept. of North American studies, U Tehran (Seyed, Western Media Representations, Iran, and Orientalist Stereotypes, January 2009, http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/western-media-representations.pdf, AMiles) ellipses in orig 

The image of Iran is almost always negative in the western media. Whether it
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Camus suggested, not to be on the side of the executioner.8

The U.S. political arena uses myths to manipulate the nation’s epistemology.  The US spreads their form of IR to paint a picture of the transnational mid-East organizations that is barbaric and backwards
Esch 10 (Joanne Esch, 2010, “Legitimizing the “War on Terror”: Political Myth in Official-Level Rhetoric”, Political Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2010)

This explanation touches on some key components of political myth: its invisibility, its
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). Myths, as Edelman (1975) observed, “help us cope

Western construction of security guarantees unending genocide and war ultimately leading to extinction
Batur 7 (Pinar, Professor of Sociology – Vassar College and Ph.D. – University of Texas, Austin, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide”, Handbook of the The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, Eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-447)
At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the
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dizzying frequency. The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.
Reject the affirmatives rush to action—their dependence on expert knowledge production and disaster scenarios has empirically resulted in atrocities—rethinking our Orientalistic understandings of the world is key to a problemitizing the political and stopping cycles of error replication
Said 03—Frmr prof, English and Comp Lit, Columbia. PhD, Harvard (Edward, A window on the world, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/aug/02/alqaida.highereducation, AMiles) insouciance = lack of concern

I wish I could say that general understanding of the Middle East, the Arabs
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resistance we have against the inhuman practices and injustices that disfigure human history.
?
By re-examining systems of representation and understanding other peoples conceptions of national interests we can create constructive outcomes

Kaplowitz 90 (Noel, research associate at the Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California at Davis in International Relations National Self-Images, Perception of Enemies, and Conflict Strategies: Psychopolitical Dimensions of International Relations Political Psychology Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 39-82 JSTOR) 

Conceptions of national interest comprise a third dimension of national self-imagery. Traditional
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with adversaries and if they are to enhance the possibilities for constructive outcomes.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Josh Miller
1
A. Interpretation—perceived congressional oversight is not a restriction on presidential war authority
In Federalist 70 and 74, Alexander Hamilton wrote about the need for “energy
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during wartime is further buttressed by the president’s paramount authority in foreign policy.

B. Violation—oversight on autonomous weapons does not limit the war powers authority of the president of the united states. Once the bill has been authorized the commander and chief invokes war director responsibilities regardless of plan specifics

AND their aff is not a restriction on the authority of the president, but a redirection of targets through which we kill at will.
C. RTP: ground, education, Extra topicality

1. Ground: Affs must conform to the legal methods of policy enactment or all neg ground is lost. Non-topical action is neg ground which is eliminated by allowing actions not supported by laws applied to plan agency. Ground lost here is automatically garnered by aff team.
   2. Education: Topic-specific education is key on this topic and in this round, research into the functions of presidential war powers is key to prevent the spread of misinformation and validation of affs that cannot come to fruition beyond the imaginary debat space.
   3. EFX T: INDEPENDENT VOTER: establishing rules for weapons places no restriction on presidential war powers NOR does the establishment of oversight
   D. Vote NEG
   VOTE NEG! Don’t vote neg on the ground that we lost, but vote neg on the ground gained by the aff through their non-topical plan AND for annihilation of topic-specific education. The pla ntext as written is extra topical at best.