C'mon. You've entered info for 29 rounds, and only entered cites for 9? That's only 31.0%. Open Source is NOT a replacement for good disclosure practices.
aff - drones 1NC - T subsets debt ceiling DA transparency CP schmitt K case block - schmitt K T case
2NR - Schmitt
Kentucky
5
Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Dan Bagwell
aff - NSC with legitimacy and terror advs 1NC - debt ceiling DA drone shift DA courts CP schmitt K case
2NR - Warfighting and case
Kentucky
4
Opponent: Dartmouth ChMa | Judge: Martin Osborn
aff - women in combat 1NC - T war powers Debt ceiling DA Warfighting DA Courts CP Lift Physical Requirements CP Block - debt ceiling DA courts CP T case
Debt Ceiling and case
Kentucky
7
Opponent: Wake Forest CV | Judge: Steve Pointer
aff - courts detainment 1NC - 34Detainment34 word PIC Flex DA Drone Shift DA Apocalyptic Rhetoric K Block - K Drone Shift DA PIC
2NR - "detention" PIC
NDT
2
Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: John Warden, Martin Osborn, Eric Forslund
1AC - 1NC - G-SPEC Court Cap DA (EPA) Queer Theory (Edelman) CP- Dicta Courts 2NR - Queer Theory
NDT
3
Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Phillips, Kearney, Gannon
1nc- T-Prohibit Legalism K Terror DA Bio adv CP Case
NDT
5
Opponent: Towson JR | Judge:
1NC- cap KFW
UMKC
8
Opponent: USC | Judge: Manuel
1NC Tea Party DA Policy Trials CP Transparency K Immigration DA Case
2NC Policy Trials Tea Party Solvency
1NR Immmigration Adv 1 Adv 2
2NR Policy Trials Tea Party
UMKC
1
Opponent: Emporia TB | Judge: Collin Roark
1NC Framework Cap Case
2NC Framework
1NR Cap
2NR Framework
UMKC
6
Opponent: Wake Forest DL | Judge: Andrew Allsup
1NC Womyn PIC Quantitative data PIC Anthro Case
2NC Quantitative data PIC Case
1NR Anthro
2NR Anthro
UMKC
3
Opponent: UMKC JW | Judge: Jason Russell
1NC T - substantial Framework PIC out of the racist parts of the aff Tea Party DA Policy Trials CP
2NC Tea Party Policy Trials Solvency
1NR PIC out of the racist parts of the aff
UMKC
Doubles
Opponent: UT ST | Judge: Samuels, Lucas-bolin, Smelko
1NC T - restriction Tea Party CIR Apocalyptic Rhetoric Policy Trials Case
2NC CIR Case
1NR K
2NR CIR Case
UNLV
2
Opponent: Weber State AH | Judge: Lucas-Bolin
1NC T Framework Warfighting DA Case
2NR - T
UNLV
3
Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Fanning
1NC Terror DA T - sig strikes Executive CP Schmitt Politics
2NR - Terror DA and case
UNLV
5
Opponent: UT DS | Judge: Bato
1NC T Terror DA Politics Schmitt Executive CP
2NR - Terror DA and case
UNLV
7
Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Crowe
1NC T Terror DA Politics Exec CP Schmitt
2NR - Schmitt
UNT
2
Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Stout
1NC Framework Anthro Futurism
2NR Futurism
UNT
3
Opponent: Houston JJ | Judge: Box
1NC T Iran Politics Exec restraint CP
2NR Schmitt
UNT
6
Opponent: Wyoming FT | Judge: Kearney
1NC T - Substantial Terror DA Iran Politics Transparency CP Schmitt
2NR Iran Terror DA case
UNT
7
Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Winfrey
1NC Terror DA Iran Politics Schmitt Transparency CP
2NR Schmitt
UNT
Octas
Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Stout, Stone, Archer
1NC Framework Cap Futurism
2NR Cap
UNT
Semis
Opponent: Trinity RS | Judge: Stone, Ziegler, Spring
1NC Iran Politics Schmitt UQ CP Warfighting DA
2NR Warfighting DA case
UTD
1
Opponent: Texas HM | Judge: Moore
1NC Framework Warfighting DA Anthro Case
2NR Warfighting Framework Case
UTD
3
Opponent: Samford KS | Judge: JT
1NC Terror DA Trasnparency CP Iran politics DA Schmitt K Case
2NR Schmitt and case
UTD
Doubles
Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Tomik, Pryor, Holland
1NC Framework Anthro Futurism
2NR Futurism
UTD
6
Opponent: KU KS | Judge: Stanley
1NC Terror DA Schmitt Iran politics Transparency CP
2NR Schmitt
Wake
2
Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Sommers
1NC Framework Cap Counter advocacy Case
2NR Counter advocacy
Wake
3
Opponent: Emory KL | Judge: Gannon
1NC T - Restriction Warfighting DA Schmitt K Apocalyptic Rhetoric K Case
2NR Schmitt
Wake
6
Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Galloway
1NC T - Substantial Drones DA Transparency CP Schmitt Case
2NR T
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Hantash 06, Patent Attorneys 26 Engineers Lynch Kneblewski - Sâo Paulo ~Feras, 3/16, http://www.freshpatents.com/Method-for-detecting-cystic-fibrosis dt20060316ptan20060057593.php~ ~0011~ A substantial increase in the amount of a CFTR target segment AND from an identically processed sample from an individual with a wildtype CFTR gene.
Targeted Killings include a wide variety of practices-not just drones
Studies of targeted killing are often situated within the politically fraught debate over Hellfire missile AND the implications of the lex lata for the practices covered by his definition.
and#34;In the areaand#34; means all of the activities
United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) and#34;Areaand#34; means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) and#34;Authorityand#34; means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) and#34;activities in the Areaand#34; means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
Debt Ceiling DA
Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will cave
President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND and#34;They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.and#34;
The plan causes an inter-branch fight that derails Obama’s agenda
Kriner 10 Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated AND insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena
That consumes his capital and causes a default
Lillis, 9/7 (Mike, The Hill, and#34;Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of voteand#34;
The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide AND through this fiscal thicket. These are going to be very difficult votes.and#34;
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Collapse causes nuclear conflicts
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics AND and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.
Transparency CP
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publically establish transparency standards outlining its legal rationale for its target killing policy, including the standards and procedures for target selection.
CP resolves drone legitimacy and resentment
Daskal 13 Jennifer Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE and#34;HOTand#34; CONFLICT ZONE, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165
4. Procedural Requirements¶ Currently, officials in the executive branch carry out all AND and would promote better accounting of the civilian costs of targeting operations. n198
Schmitt K
Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality
Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and#34;Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?and#34; Cardozo Law Review 27)
Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by AND of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.
Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. Sovereignty necessarily functions in exception to the law. This exception is necessary to avoid the universal violence of the Law and the affirmative.
Rasch 2000 (William. and#34;Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics.and#34; Theory Culture Society 17.1)
It is not difficult to see that the polemical elevation of sovereignty over the rule AND Politics exists, in other words, because the just society does not.
This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.
Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, and#34;Sovereignty in Theory and Practice.and#34; San Diego International Law Journal 13)
Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have AND for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.
Adv 1
Norms fail
Jack Goldsmith Professor of Law, University of Chicago, 2K (and#34;Should International Human Rights Law Trump US Domestic Law?and#34; 1 Chi. J. Int’l L. 327) Lexis Many nonetheless believe that the United States’ failure to domesticate human rights treaties diminishes the AND quality of the shamed practice, and not its illegality, that matters.
Apart from these practical issues, however, the very existence of the U AND The complexity of the current issues requires more than legal and moral accountability.
The Russian public supports democracy – no risk of backsliding to authoritarianism
Colton 26 McFaul ’1 (Timothy J., professor of government and director of the Davis Center for Russian Studies at Harvard University, and Michael, associate professor of political science and Hoover Fellow at Stanford University, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Foreign Affairs, and#34;America’s Real Russian Allies,and#34; lexis) OUR SURVEYS of Russian grassroots attitudes challenge these pessimistic assumptions. n1 Although our findings AND freedoms of conscience, expression, and the press were important to them.
No impact to warming - threat overestimated and adaption solves
Mendelsohn 9 (Robert O. the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of¶ Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, and#34;Climate Change and¶ Economic Growth,and#34; online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/¶ gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from AND range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses.
Beginning at least in 2002, the United States created and developed a policy instituting AND political standing, of credibility, trust, and legitimacy in international society.
Plan can’t solve- targeting and#34;associated forcesand#34; wrecks legitimacy and leads to i-law violations
The Obama administration has offered several possible legal rationales for drone strikes, but with AND a way that is likely to lead to serious violations of international law. One possible rationale for drone strikes comes from international humanitarian law governing armed hostilities. AND summary killing if the target were walking the streets of London or Paris. John Brennan has said that as a matter of policy the administration has an and#34; AND that are less respectful than we would want of the fundamental rights involved. Moreover, away from a traditional battlefield, international human rights law requires the capture AND
China recently considered using a drone to kill a drug trafficker in Burma
Hegemony isn’t key to peace
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
Adv 2
The definition of imminence in the al-Awlaki white paper doesn’t grant expansive powers—-and it’s premised on the target being impossible to capture
Mike Dreyfuss 12, J.D., Vanderbilt University Law School, January, 2012, and#34;NOTE: My Fellow Americans, We Are Going to Kill You: The Legality of Targeting and Killing U.S. Citizens Abroad,and#34; Vanderbilt Law Review, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 249 Throughout its brief for the plaintiff in Al-Aulaqi v. Obama, the AND prepared, where waiting until the threat is temporally immediate is not feasible. The other cases the ACLU cited in support of its proposition, that the threat AND upheld their nations’ treaty obligations, which the United States does not share. The OLC memo authorizing the killing of Al-Aulaqi opted to stretch the definition AND them in another way, which is a less strained definition of imminence.
Targeting U.S. citizens is legitimate—-belligerency against the U.S. forfeits Constitutional protections
Charles Krauthammer 13, 2/15/13, and#34;Krauthammer: In defense of drones,and#34; http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_22592883?source=bb 2. But Awlaki was no ordinary enemy. He was a U.S. citizen. By what right does the president order the killing by drone of an American? Where’s the due process? Answer: Once you take up arms against the United States, you become an enemy combatant, thereby forfeiting the privileges of citizenship and the protections of the Constitution, including due process. You retain only the protection of the laws of war — no more and no less than those of your foreign comrades-in-arms. Lincoln steadfastly refused to recognize the Confederacy as a separate nation. The soldiers that his Union Army confronted at Antietam were American citizens (in rebellion) — killed without due process. Nor did the Americans storming German bunkers at Normandy inquire before firing if there were any German-Americans among them — to be excused for gentler treatment while the other Germans were mowed down.
Aff doesn’t solve organized crime- their Lichter evidence isn’t reverse causal, it just says due processing a tool in the fight against crime.
No impact- Dobriansky evidence doesn’t provide any causal scenario for a nuclear war
But it is both the liberalization of the global economy over the past twenty years AND choice for those in a position to exploit illicit activity, is obvious.
US-Mexico relations will never collapse- interdependence ensures
Mares and Canovas 10 ~David R. Mares, University of California, San Diego. Gustavo Vega Cánovas, El Colegio de México. and#34;The U.S.-Mexico Relationship: Towards a New Era?and#34;~
¶ The U.S. and Mexico have been neighbors for more than two AND and social relations and even the creation of a North American Community.ii
US – Latin American Relations resilient – immigration proves
Finally, one should not underestimate the resiliency of U.S. soft power in the region. The power of national reputation, popular culture, values and institutions continues to contribute to U.S. influence in ways that are difficult to measure and impossible to quantify. Example: Despite 14 years of strident anti-American rhetoric during the Chávez government, tens of thousand of Venezuelans apply for U.S. nonimmigrant visas every year, including many thousands of Chávez loyalists.
Middle east war doesn’t escalate
Dyer 2 (Gwynne, former appointments to the Royal Military College Sandhurst and Oxford University, former member of three different armed services, Winter, and#34;The Coming War,and#34; Queen’s Quarterly, Expanded Academic ASAP)
All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible AND . But the good news is: we are out of the business.
US-Russia war is inevitable and now is key—the US could prevent escalation but waiting ensures Russia regains second-strike and causes fully escalated war.
Schwarz 6 – national editor of The Atlantic, Jan/Feb, and#34;ThePerils of Primacy,and#34; The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200601/primacy In a feat of technical sophistication and strategic insight, Lieber and Press have modeled AND accidental use of nuclear weapons; this could lead to inadvertent nuclear war.
Only fully-escalated war causes extinction.
Bostrom, 02 (Nick Bostrum, Ph.D., faculty of philosophy at Oxford, and#34;Existential Risks Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,and#34; Published in the Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March) A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in AND preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
War prevents Russian nano-weapons and arms race.
Stulberg 8 – Assoc. Prof Intl Affairs @ Georgia Institute of Technology, Adam, and#34;Russia and the Nanotechnology Revolutionand#34;, PONARS Eurasian Policy Memo No 26, August, http://ceres.georgetown.edu/esp/ponarsmemos/page/55922.html Similarly, Moscow has seemingly staked out a competitive and ambitious trajectory for its strategic AND environmental impact), marking the onset of the nanotech revolution in military affairs.
Nano arms race causes global war with nuclear and nano-weapons.
Gubrud 97 – Center for Superconductivity Research, Mark, and#34;Nanotechnology and International Securityand#34;, The Foresight Institute, http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/index.html Whereas the perfection of nuclear explosives established a strategic stalemate, advanced molecular manufacturing based AND large-scale rearmament and warfare well before another technological plateau was reached.
Sustainability is impossible
Barnhizer 6 — Professor of Law, Cleveland State University. (David, Waking from Sustainability’s and#34;Impossible Dreamand#34;: The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government, 18 Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, Lexis)
Medieval alchemists sought unsuccessfully to discover the process that would enable them to turn base AND Yet even this approach can only be achieved incrementally with limited positive effects.
Solvency
Drone court doesn’t appropriately promote effective control over drones
Whatever the rules governing drone attacks, many object to the covert, unilateral way AND . But the administration has blocked such suits through various claims of secrecy.
Sets the OPPOSITE international precedent—- rubber stamping
Vladeck 2013 (Steve Vladeck, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, February 10, 2013, and#34;Why a and#34;Drone Courtand#34; Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…,and#34; Lawfare Blog, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)
That brings me to perhaps the biggest problem we should all have with a and#34; AND and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.
There are obvious similarities between the causes and effects of the public scrutiny associated with AND not conducive to the formation of a substantial check on presidential action. n134
2NC
Kritik
Claims that liberalism is preferable is merely a tool of the global neo-liberal elite to demonize state’s insisting on national sovereignty and independence.
Thorup ’06 Mikkel Thorup. In Defense of Enmity: Critiques of Liberal Globalism. Ph.D. Dissertation, Institute of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, University of Aarhus, Denmark. January 2006. The main enemy of cosmopolitan globalization discourse is the nation state and its practitioners. AND be recognized as such. This humanist and globalist prerogative is exclusively Western.
SUBPOINT A – Univeralism effaces the us/them distinction to form a unified whole. This lack of distinctions causes global, genocidal war BECAUSE OF lashout
If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in AND ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiableand#34; (PF 83).
And this results in extinction.
Schmitt ’63 (Carl. The Theory of the Partisan: A Commentary/Remark on the Theory of the Political. Trans. A. C. Goodson. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2004. 67.)
This means concretely that the supra-conventional weapon supposes¶ the supra-conventional AND opens the door for the work of annihilation of an absolute¶ enmity.
SUBPOINT B - Denying enmity as a structuring principle causes total warfare that outweighs the aff. only our evidence is comparative about the scope and quality of violence in what our authors desribe as and#34;warand#34;.
Prozorov 2K6 ~Sergei, collegium fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Professor of International Relations in the Department of International Relations, Faculty of Politics and Social Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University, Russia, 2006, and#34;Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism,and#34; Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 75-99~
Schmitt makes a distinction between hostis and inimicus to stress the specificity of the relationship AND the fulfilment of Schmitt’s prophecy that liberalism produces its own form of barbarism. ?
and, the k turns the case – liberalism endless generates its own internal crises to justify its continual outlash until it unleashes all out war – try or die for the alt.
At the same time, the practical implementation of such a project is hardly conceivable AND opposite or perhaps reveals its own essence in the guise of its antithesis.
The affirmative imagines that the problem with drones is that our use of them is illegal. This only serves to legitimate legal strikes as reasonable and legitimate. This renders all life killable and turns the aff – this card is long but devastates the aff
Hayes 2013 (Heather Ashley Hayes, Asst Prof of Rhetoric, Whitman College. and#34;Violent Subjects: A Rhetorical Cartography of Bodies, Spaces, and Technologies in the Global War on Terror.and#34; A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Heather Ashley Hayes IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Walter Greene, Adviser, April 2013)
Another line of argument over drone production and use centers around whether or not U AND of U.S.- Pakistani relations are assessed behind closed doors.and#34;140 Yet another interesting approach to drone critique comes from Daniel Klaidman, former Newsweek journalist AND the moment that the president was informed about the nature of signature strikes: Sometimes called and#34;crowd killing,and#34; signature strikes are deeply unpopular in Pakistan. Obama AND Where do they make them, and where’s my opportunity to intervene?and#34;141 As per Klaidman’s depiction, further developed in his recent book-length treatment of AND articulated role of CIA Director points to the very practices of this normalization. Yet, while forms of dissent against drones become normalized in particular discourses and practices, others evaporate from view. Circulatory exploration, with a look to the rhetoricoviolence of the space of drone warfare, allows several longtime drone activists to emerge, who are/have been organizing in the regions most affected by unmanned aerial vehicle attack. Among these activists is Pakistani politician and former cricketer Imran Khan. Pakistani drone activist and leader of the Tehreek-e-Insaf party (Pakistan AND lives of Pakistanis are as valuable as the lives of any American.and#34;145 Khan becomes an even more fascinating case study in the normalizing power of everyday practice AND Spitzer on CNN’s In the Arena (also cancelled in late 2011 due to low ratings): and#34;Look, I’m sitting in Pakistan. I’m telling you the impact drone attacks are having in this country. And I’m telling you that the more drone attacks the more anti- Americanism, the more anti-Americanism the more radicalization. The more radicalization, there is only one beneficiary, and that’s al-Qaeda.and#34;147 While Khan adheres to the discourse of effectiveness in his comments about drone attack’s ability AND violations of international law and/or the standards of military operational efficiency. I argue that more than being a materialist rhetoric, the U.S. AND violence are most potent when they travel together, indistinguishable from one another. So if Butler’s precarity of life is well reflected in the revelations and concealments within AND drone program) uses these revelations and concealments to reconfigure modes of governance.
The aff is mere whitewashing – it leads to a more expansive legal framework in which drone operations expand because it’s now seen as legitimate – turns the whole aff
The rationale offered is the same as what was used to justify the Fisa court AND to replicate its behavior in the context of presidential executions is really mystifying.
Drone court doesn’t appropriately promote effective control over drones
Whatever the rules governing drone attacks, many object to the covert, unilateral way AND . But the administration has blocked such suits through various claims of secrecy.
Sets the OPPOSITE international precedent—- rubber stamping
Vladeck 2013 (Steve Vladeck, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, February 10, 2013, and#34;Why a and#34;Drone Courtand#34; Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…,and#34; Lawfare Blog, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)
That brings me to perhaps the biggest problem we should all have with a and#34; AND and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.
Fourth, the perm exemplifies the gray hole, which our Dyzenhaus evidence says is comparatively worse than black holes – the alt alone. The perm gives the appearance of restriction, but concede that the executive can still make exceptions to the law. That’s exactly the link.
Dysenhaus ’06 (David. The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Page 179-180)
My point here is not that the majority were wrong to defer, but that AND there is an emergency and, if there is, of what kind.
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that and#34; AND while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.
Even a rapid conflict will end in peaceful negotiations - generals concede
Ivashov 7 Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007 and#34;WILL AMERICA FIGHT RUSSIAand#34;. Defense and Security, No 78. LN
Ivashov: Numerous scenarios and options are possible. Everything may begin as a local AND nuclear arsenals. It will stop the war and put negotiations into motion.
No escalation
Fettweis 7 Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, 7 (Christopher, and#34;On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,and#34; Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98)
Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni- AND cooperation to address that common interest is far more likely than outright warfare.
Middle East conflict won’t escalate – local conflicts do not spillover
Cook, Takeyh, and Maloney 7 Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 and#34;Why the Iraq war won’t engulf the Mideastand#34;, International Herald Tribune
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in AND its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.
The environment is indestructible
Easterbrook 95 Distinguished Fellow, Fullbright Foundation ¶ (Gregg, A Moment on Earth pg 25)
IN THE AFTERMATH OF EVENTS SUCH AS LOVE CANAL OR THE Exxon Valdez oil spill AND ocean currents and the jet stream; 300-foot vacillations in sea levels
shortening and lengthening of the seasons caused by shifts in the planetary axis; AND are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.
1NR
Adv 1
No impact: Neither the public or the elite support a return to nationalism or authoritarianism- stability is more important
Shlapentokh 2k (Dmitry, associate professor of world history at Indiana University-South Bend, Winter, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1, and#34;The Illusions and Realities of Russian Nationalism,and#34; lexis) There are other important changes. Those who have envisioned the rise of a nationalistic AND the further weakness that could lead to the semidisintegration of the Russian state.
Heg is unsustainable
Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. and#34;Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americanaand#34;. The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n5422359 China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last AND with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.
Adv 2
Middle east war doesn’t escalate
Dyer 2 (Gwynne, former appointments to the Royal Military College Sandhurst and Oxford University, former member of three different armed services, Winter, and#34;The Coming War,and#34; Queen’s Quarterly, Expanded Academic ASAP)
All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible AND . But the good news is: we are out of the business.
Sustainability is impossible
Barnhizer 6 — Professor of Law, Cleveland State University. (David, Waking from Sustainability’s and#34;Impossible Dreamand#34;: The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government, 18 Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, Lexis)
Medieval alchemists sought unsuccessfully to discover the process that would enable them to turn base AND Yet even this approach can only be achieved incrementally with limited positive effects.
Interpretation- command and chief powers are not war powers Heidt 13 Stephen (PhD Candidate, GSU) and#34;A Memorandum on the Topic Area.pdfand#34; ~http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4846.0~~~~ First, the topic committee and voters need to understand that Presidential War Power is not Commander in Chief Power. The topic paper, following a trend in legal and#34;scholarshipand#34; and news media, blurs the distinction between the categories by alluding to presidential war power as commander in chief power (p9 at note 13). But war power is categorically distinct from commander in chief power. This categorical distinction derives directly from the powers enumerated in the Constitution. Those powers can be summarized as Congress declares war, Presidents execute wars. Constitutional evidence: Article 1, Section 8: and#34;The Congress shall have the power: To declare war…to raise armies and support armies…to provide and maintain a Navy, to make rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces, to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States…and#34; Article 1, Section 9: and#34;The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public safety may require it.and#34; Article 1, Section 10 which reads: and#34;No State shall, without the Consent of Congress…engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit delay.and#34; Article II, Section 2: and#34;The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states…He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…and#34; To summarize: War powers are enumerated in Article 1 of the Constitution. Commander in Chief power is enumerated in Article 2. The framers of the Constitution kept the two entirely distinct, on purpose, as a means for resolving the tension between the danger that a strong president would risk dictatorship and the need for unfettered power of the executive to conduct and win war.
President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND and#34;They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.and#34; 2 links - Obama will veto the aff Gersen and Posner, 8 Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago (Jacob and Eric, and#34;Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practiceand#34; 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573, lexis)
In addition, if a hard statute is the only legislative vehicle for articulating constitutional AND statutes will produce a body of constitutional law that is biased and incomplete. Obama will fight the plan with signing statements Mork 6 (Steven, JD @ MSU, and#34;DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS,and#34; http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf-http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf)
The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a ¶ President’s AND use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.12 This causes widespread Congressional backlash Dean 6 (John, JD, Former Counsel to the President, and#34;The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration,and#34; http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html-http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html)
Bush’s use of signing statements thus potentially brings him into conflict with his own Justice AND /Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements. Capital is key – he’s holding the line Allen 9-19 Jonathan Allen 9/19, Politico, 9/19/13, GOP battles boost President Obama, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. Collapse causes nuclear conflicts Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics AND and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.
Warfighting DA
Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms Posner 9/3 (Eric, Law Prof at University of Chicago, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack AND and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way. The plancauses countries to doubt the credibility of our threats – collapses security guarantees and deterrence – causes nuclear war Zeisberg 4 (MARIAH ZEISBERG, Research Fellow, The Political Theory Project, Department of Political Science, and#34;INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE: THE CASE OF WAR POWERSand#34; SEPTEMBER 22, 2004, KB)
The first significant argument of pro-Presidency insularists is that flexibility is a prime AND do seemed to me to outweigh the little good that might ultimately accrue.and#34;
Courts CP
An appropriate appellate court should submit a writ of certification to the United States Supreme Court requesting clarification of Presidential authority to introduce United States armed forces into hostilities, the United States Supreme Court should rule that the President possesses no authority to exclude women from forces introduced into hostilities. It solves O’Brien ’11 (David M. Orsquo;Brien is Leone Reaves and George W. Spicer AND in American Politics W W Norton 26 Company Incorporated, 2011, TSW)
Although most cases now come as certiorari petitions, Congress provides that appellate courts may also submit a writ of certification to the Court, requesting the justices to clarify or and#34;make¶ more certainand#34; a point of federal law. The Court receives only¶ a handful of such cases each term. Congress also gave the Court¶ the power to issue certain extraordinary writs, or orders. In a¶ few cases, the Court may issue writs of mandamus and prohibition, ordering lower courts or public officials either to do some-¶ thing or to refrain from some action. In addition, the Court has¶ die power to grant writs of habeas corpus (and#34;produce the bodyand#34,¶ enabling it to review cases by prisoners who claim that their constitutional rights have been violated and that they are unlawfully¶ imprisoned. CP solves – empirically courts can restrict Fisher 2005 (Louis Fisher, senior specialist in separation of Powers with the Congressional Research Service, September 2005, and#34;Judicial Review of the War Power,and#34; Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 35, No 3, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf)
The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military AND many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war. Courts don’t link to politics - avoids political fallout Whittington ’05 (Keith E., Professor of Politics - Princeton University, and#34;Interpose Your Friendly Hand: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Courtand#34;, The American Political Science Review-http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdweb?RQT=31826pmid=2860026TS=124586206726clientId=1782226VInst=PROD26VName=PQD26VType=PQD, Nov., (99)4, p. 583)
There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their AND action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.
Lift Physical Requirements CP
Text: The United States federal government should lift all physical strength requirements for the United States military.
Case
Specifically, sexual harassment in the workplace and media masculinity Som 10 ~Susan,and#34;The Hidden Patriarchy: Examining Ordinary Language use and Social Explanation Reveals Patterns of Demeaning Sexismand#34;, Chicago Maroon, April 30th, 2010, Susan Som is a second year student at The University of Chicago studying Anthropology, available online at http://www.chicagomaroon.com/2010/4/30/the-hidden-patriarchy, accessed July 7, 2010/~
With the striking down of the current sexual assault policy, the student body has AND country, we would see that even in the bedroom there is inequality.
?
Patriarchy doesn’t cause war- links between the two are symptoms and not causes of war Brian Martin, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong (Australia), 1990 ~and#34;Uprooting Warand#34;, London Freedom Press, 1984, Revised 1990, available online at http://www.uow.edu.au/~~bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw10.html, accessed July 7, 2010Thur~
While these connections between war and male domination are suggestive, they do not amount AND the state and bureaucracy, as well as between patriarchy and the military. The environment is indestructible Easterbrook 95 Distinguished Fellow, Fullbright Foundation (Gregg, A Moment on Earth pg 25)
IN THE AFTERMATH OF EVENTS SUCH AS LOVE CANAL OR THE Exxon Valdez oil spill AND are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.
Even if predictions in the abstract are wrong, policy debates is productive, improves predictive accuracy, and solves cession of the debate to cloistered experts Tetlock and Gardner 2011 (Philip Tetlock is a professor of organizational behavior at the Haas Business School at the University of California-Berkeley, AND Dan Gardner is a columnist and senior writer for the Ottawa Citizen and the author of The Science of Fear, received numerous awards for his writing, including the Michener Award, M.A. History from York, and#34;OVERCOMING OUR AVERSION TO ACKNOWLEDGING OUR IGNORANCEand#34; July 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/11/dan-gardner-and-philip-tetlock/overcoming-our-aversion-to-acknowledging-our-ignorance/) The optimists are right that there is much we can do at a cost that AND you affix more realistic odds than your competitors on policy bets panning out.
Our impacts aren’t constructed until they prove it. Yudkowsky 6 – Eliezer Yudkowsky, Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence that has published multiple peer-reviewed papers on risk assessment. Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic. August 31, 2006. Every true idea which discomforts you will seem to match the pattern of at least AND real-world assertions. Do not take your eye off the ball. All lives are infinitely valuable, the only ethical option is to maximize the number saved Cummisky, 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 131)
Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons with dignity cannot outweigh and AND conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.*
Calculation is inevitable – you must avoid the worst David Campbell, Prof. IR @ U of Newcastle, ’99 (Moral Spaces, ed. Campbell 26 Shapiro, p. 45-46)
In this context, justice enables the law, but the law is that which AND condition,and#34; for the organization of resistance to totalitarianism in all its forms.
True, the body count turned human beings into abstract numbers. But it required AND responsibility to the world’s people, to history, to our own humanity.
Preventing nuclear war key to positive peace. Folk 78 - Professor of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, 78 ~Jerry, and#34;Peace Educations – Peace Studies : Towards an Integrated Approach,and#34; Peace 26 Change, volume V, number 1, Spring, p. 58~ Those proponents of the positive peace approach who reject out of hand the work of AND who view the field essentially from the point of view of negative peace.
Turn- plan’s focus on state agency reinscribes patriarchal power structures Brian Martin, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong (Australia), 1990 ~and#34;Uprooting Warand#34;, London Freedom Press, 1984, Revised 1990, available online at http://www.uow.edu.au/~~bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw10.html, accessed July 7, 2010Thur~
The connection between patriarchy and bureaucracy can be seen as one of mutual mobilisation. AND for child-bearing); * maintenance of on-the-job work organisation which excludes integration of child-rearing and work, and opposition to alternatives AND . In this case it operates via the unequal power distribution within bureaucracies.
Turn- A. THE AFF’S REPRESENTATIONS OF PATRIARCHY AS THE ROOT CAUSE OF OPPRESSION AND GLOBAL ANNIHILATION ASSUMES A MONOLITHIC UNDERSTANDING OF GENDER OPPRESSION. Crenshaw, DIRECTOR OF DEBATE @ UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, 93 (CARRIE, DOMINANT FORM AND MARGINALIZED VOICES: ARGUMENTATION ABOUT FEMINISM(S), CEDA YEARBOOK, 14, P. 73-74)
Substantive debates about feminism usually take one of two forms. First, on the AND proof that can explain only material conditions and physical realities through empirical quantification.
B. THIS FRAME MYSTIFIES THE INTERSECTIONAL NATURE OF OPPRESSION. THIS DERAILS FEMINIST STRUGGLE AND PERPETUATES RACE AND CLASS PRIVILEGE. Crenshaw, DIRECTOR OF DEBATE @ UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, 93 (CARRIE, DOMINANT FORM AND MARGINALIZED VOICES: ARGUMENTATION ABOUT FEMINISM(S), CEDA YEARBOOK, 14, P. 76-77)
Debate arguments that assume a singular conception of feminism include and empower the voices of AND . It casts the struggle against class exploitation and racism as secondary concerns.
2NC
Politics
We control global impact uniqueness – the status quo solves their impacts but decline undermines crucial forms of restraint Griswold 5 Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Daniel, and#34;Peace on earth? Try free trade among men,and#34; 12-29-2005, http://www.freetrade.org/node/282)
Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting AND few decades indicates that free trade also comes with its own peace dividend. Timeframe – the US only has till October 17th – we’re on the brink - default immediately destroys confidence and causes financial volatility throughout the economy – default to timeframe – you can only die once CCTV 10-1 (CCTV, and#34;U.S. gov’t shutdown, debt default threaten to weigh on economy: expertand#34; 10-01-2013, http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml, KB)
AUMF or no AUMF, if the United States finds credible evidence of an imminent AND tradition: reserving the use of exceptional authorities for rare and exceptional circumstances.
War increases the risk of sexual violence Amanda Lea Victoor. 2011. and#34;An ’Other’ Woman’s Rapeand#34; http://130.15.126.37/jspui/bitstream/1974/6343/1/Victoor_Amanda_L_201103_MA.pdf The inherent focus on the commonality between peacetime and wartime rape has sparked a debate within the literature about the ability of peacetime theories of sexual violence to be transferrable to the unique nature of war rape. For instance, Carine Mardorossian (2002) has critiqued feminist academics for their severe lack of original theorizing about sexual violence in armed conflict and their unawareness of the fundamental differences between peace and wartime rape. For example, it has been found that instances of rape are higher during times of war and armed conflict (Stiglmayer 1994), and women are often violated in public spaces to ensure that the co munity witnesses rape??a situation that blurs important distinctions between and#34;public and privateand#34; (Kelly 2000: 56). Impunity is often cited as another fundamental difference between the experiences of rape in peaceful times versus during the chaos of war (IRIN 2004). A lack of legal protections during war equate to a veritable free?for?all on enemy women and children, while the tolerance of sexual violence in peacetime is replaced by a culture of violence that condones or even produces a policy of rape (Kelly 2000). These examples highlight the unique nature of war rape that some feminist constructions of sexual violence have overlooked.
Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims. Disagreements over authority trigger constitutional showdowns – even if the executive wants the plan – it’s about who decides, not the decision itself Posner and Vermeule, 10 *professor of law at the University of Chicago AND professor of law at Harvard (Eric and Adrian, The Executive Unbound, p. 75-77)
Showdowns occur when the location of constitutional authority for making an important policy decision is AND resolving the question of authority. We focus on this case for now. Past actions are terrible indicators Hendrickson 10 Ryan Hendrickson, Ph.D., Eastern Illinois University Professor, 2010, War Powers in the Obama Administration, http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100126context=polisci_fac
Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public’s perception of another Middle-Eastern AND U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck.
Decline and war are linked – default to the best studies Royal 10 Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, and#34;Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,and#34; in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
Global climate change is also the product of technology, and the implications for the AND which fighting could break out and few effective means of coping more cooperatively.
House Republicans plan to attach a one-year delay of Obamacare to the continuing AND begin exerting real political pressure to force a resolution before a default happens. 2) We control the direction – their ev doesn’t assume PC – Obama won’t budge – that’s key to a deal Parnes 9-30 (Amie Parnes, White House correspondent at The Hill, and#34;Not giving an inch is seen as best strategy for win at White Houseand#34; 09/30/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/325663-not-giving-an-inch-is-seen-as-best-strategy-for-win-at-white-house,20accessed2010-1-13, KB)
There was no shadow of doubt at the White House as the clocked ticked down AND ’I’m not going to get on your level’, the better. and#34; 4) Holding the line – it gives Obama leverage over the GOP Epstein 10-1 (Reid Epstein, writer for POLITICO, and#34;Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line,and#34; 10-1-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=l4, KB)
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff AND If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters.
Yes collapse —- 1) Business confidence – default wrecks it Davis, 9/23 (Susan, USA Today, and#34;Clock ticking on shutdown, with ’Obamacare’ center stage; GOP ties health care law to two budget deadlinesand#34; lexis)
However the stopgap spending bill is resolved, soon after it lurks a fiscal fight AND fall significantly in value, borrowing costs for businesses and households will rise.and#34; That’s key to the economy Goldmark, 9/22 Former budget director of New York State and publisher of the International Herald Tribune, Goldmark headed the climate program at the Environmental Defense Fund (Peter, Newsday (New York), lexis)
Come mid-October, the United States will have only 2430 billion of AND it could to make sure bondholders were made whole. But then what? 3) Sectors - every key sector will implode – takes out resiliency McAuliff 9/18 Michael McAuliff, HuffPo, 9/18/13, Debt Limit Showdown Could Be Catastrophic For Economy: Analysts , www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/18/debt-limit-showdown_n_3950890.html
The House Republican plan to have showdowns over both funding the government and raising the AND and I don’t see how we get out of it,and#34; he added. Politics DA’s are intrinsic Saideman 11 associate professor of political science - McGill University, 7/25 (Steve, and#34;Key Constraint on Policy Relevance,and#34; http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2011/07/key-constraint-on-policy-relevance.html)
Dan Drezner has a great post today about how the foreign policy smart set ( AND dream about the right policy and gnash our teeth when it never happens.
Prefer our issue specific evidence Jacobs and King 10 University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond, and#34;Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama Presidency,and#34; Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802)
Yet if presidential personality and leadership style come up short as primary explanations for presidential AND quo and what we know we have to do for our futureand#34;.12 Political capital is real – academic work confirms Casey 8 Kimberly L. Casey 8, Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at William Jewel College, 2008, and#34;Defining Political Capital: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu’s Interconvertibility Theory,and#34; http://lilt.ilstu.edu/critique/spring202008/casey.pdf-http://lilt.ilstu.edu/critique/spring 2008/casey.pdf
Abstract: This article examines the concept and#34;political capitaland#34; (PC) and AND Becker 1993); Fitz-Enz 2000; Davenport 1999; Marr 2005).
Case
Ethics are inherently situational. The aff’s way of dealing with uncomfortable questions of policy is by finessing the problem and pretending that actual costs can be papered over. That’s not how decisions work. We are constantly forced to make hard choices because we have finite resources and political capabilities, but ethical discourse pretends these problems don’t exist. When faced with our own inadequacies and inability to help people, we push the blame onto others to maintain the purity of our intentions. Chandler, 1 – Policy Research Institute @ Leeds Metropolitan University (David, Human Rights Quarterly 23, and#34;The Road to Military Humanitarianismand#34
When intervening for ethical ends there is little pressure to account for final policy outcomes AND view of intervention in the face of exaggerated fears of non-intervention.
The impact is genocide Mohawk, Associate Professor of History @ SUNY Buffalo, ’2K (John C, Utopian Legacies, p. 4-5)
People who believe that they are acting on a plan to solve all of the AND known to lead to crimes against humanity, including systematic acts of genocide.
Moral absolutism is counterproductive – it undermines coalitions and causes exclusion Isaac, 2 – Professor of Poli Sci @ U Indiana, Bloomington (Jeffrey, Ends, Means and Politics, Dissent, Vol 49, Iss. 2, Spring)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
They wipe out entire populations from political meaning – the claim that they’re not responsible for the people they accidentally hurt is a way of devaluing people who fall outside their political project. Chandler, 1 – Policy Research Institute @ Leeds Metropolitan University (David, Human Rights Quarterly 23, and#34;The Road to Military Humanitarianismand#34
The search for victims has dominated media coverage of humanitarian crises. The Kosovo crisis AND and#34;journalism of attachment.and#34; This style of journalism has been forcefully critiqued: ~F~ar from raising public understanding of the horrors of war, their AND humanisingand#34; a war, this approach ultimately dehumanises all those involved.59 Alex de Waal terms the outlook of the international humanitarian agencies, and media promotion AND least easily manipulated by government propaganda because they lack independent critical faculties.61 The campaigning human rights-based NGOs did much to denigrate the non-Western state and legitimize Western activism through the creation of the incapable human rights victim. As Pierre Krähenbuhl notes: ~T~he legitimacy of the humanitarian gesture is intimately connected with the ability to consider the and#34;otherand#34;, the person in need, as a human being, something which the repeated use of the expression and#34;victimand#34; tends to make more difficult. It strips of all human dignity the man, woman or child whom it is supposed to define.62 While Cold War power politics tarnished the idea of and#34;human-centeredand#34; state AND non-governmental organizations who act in defense of no sectional interest.and#34;63 With the end of the Cold War the geopolitical straitjacket was removed and humanitarian agencies AND ) tied to a mandate under international law (the Geneva Convention regulations). This new sort of humanitarianism, which instead of operating separately from political mechanisms, AND Michael Ignatieff quotes the disillusion of Don McCullin, a British war photographer: ~B~ut what are my politics? I certainly take the side of the underprivileged. I could never say I was politically neutral. But whether I’m of the Right or the Left—I can’t say. . . . I feel, in my guts, at one with the victims. And I find there’s integrity in that stance.65 Ignatieff astutely notes that this approach is a and#34;weary world away from the internationalism AND Instead, the activists see only passive victims and evil or dangerous abusers.
Util best accounts for minorities Shaw, 99 – Professor of Philosophy @ San Jose State (William H, Contemporary Ethics, p. 13)
Actions affect people to different degrees. Your playing the stereo loudly might bring slight AND , not the number of people whose happiness is increased, that matters. . Util doesn’t compromise any group – no scenario Shaw, 99 – Professor of Philosophy @ San Jose State (William H, Contemporary Ethics, p. 233)
Critics of utilitarianism such as Rawls worry that furthering the longrun well-being of AND logic, but it is nevertheless an important truth about the human condition.
Attempts to avoid calculation reproduce calculability in its worst forms. Jaques Derrida, French Philosopher, ’92 (Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, ed. Cornell, p. 28-29)
That justice exceeds law and calculation, that the unpresentable exceeds the determinable cannot and AND in progress, everywhere in the world, for men and for women.
We underestimate extinction because we know nothing about it Eliezer Yudkowsky, 8/31/’6. Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Palo Alto, CA. and#34;Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks, Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic, singinst.org/upload/cognitive- biases.pdf-http://singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf.
A general principle underlying the heuristics-and-biases program is that human beings AND , when the reverse is the case. (Tversky and Kahneman 1973.) Biases implicit in the availability heuristic affect estimates of risk. A pioneering study by AND correlated strongly (.85 and .89) with selective reporting in newspapers. People refuse to buy flood insurance even when it is heavily subsidized and priced far AND per flood is so much greater afterward that the average yearly damage increases. It seems that people do not extrapolate from experienced small hazards to a possibility of large risks; rather, the past experience of small hazards sets a perceived upper bound on risks. A society well-protected against minor hazards will take no action against major risks
(building on flood plains once the regular minor floods are eliminated). A society subject to regular minor hazards will treat those minor hazards as an upper bound on the size of the risks (guarding against regular minor floods but not occasional major floods). Risks of human extinction may tend to be underestimated since, obviously, humanity has never yet encountered an extinction event
Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of and#34;Lifeand#34;, Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184 Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not AND and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.
1NR
Courts CP
No congress key warrants- Court action induces legislative change. Devins, ’92 (William and Mary Associate Poli Sci Prof, July, 80 Calif. L. Rev. 1027)
Courts matter. They matter a lot. Sometimes their orders set in motion market AND role in our system of separated powers, but they are judicial influences nonetheless
Solve social change- a) Courts act independent of political backlash to create social change Lemieux 05 (Scott Lemieux, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Hunter College, and#34;Why Roe was Not Counterproductive: A Replyand#34; 3-2-2005)
The key argument at the heart of our theoretical disagreement, I think, is AND to react more positively to political losses that don’t occur in the courts.
b) Court action is necessary for social change – it links movement politics to political power. Burstein ’91 Paul Burstein, pub. date: 1991, Professor of sociology and political science at the University of Washington, and#34;Legal Mobilization as a Social Movement Tactic: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunityand#34;, JSTOR
What types of actions should we examine? For most sociologists, and for many AND movements consistently forces social movement analysts to report how critical court decisions are.
The developing history of judicial review of intelligence activities shows that it ¶ occurs in AND matching requirements of ¶ the laws to intelligence activities and watching the watchers. Internal link turn—- Citizens United proves tempered criticism can actually increase the legitimacy of the court and ensure compliance Ross ’10 (William G. Ross, professor of law at the Cumberland School of Law of Samford University; his publications include several studies of political controversies involving the U.S. Supreme Court, Jurist, and#34;Constructive Criticism: Presidential Opposition to Supreme Court Rulingsand#34; February 2,)
Roosevelt did not make these remarks in front of any judges because State of the AND widespread among the people...would constitute a dire menace to the Republic.
Politically unpopular court decisions allow politicians to posture in opposition to the Court’s ruling—the perm fiats away this ability to politically profit from the CP—-means only the CP boosts PC Whittington 7 Keith E. Whittington, politics at Princeton University, 2007 (Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy, p. 137-39)
Independent and active judicial review generates position-taking opportunities by reducing the policy responsibility AND conscience, while allowing legislators to reap the electoral gains of position taking. Perm forces the court to rule on a moot issue – this makes the decision meaningless and means the CP can’t shield from politics because congress is perceived as acting first King 02 (Matthew T. King, and#34;COMMENT: TOWARDS A PRACTICAL CONVERGENCE: THE DYNAMIC USES OF JUDICIAL ADVICE IN UNITED STATES FEDERAL COURTS AND THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,and#34; Spring, 63 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 703)
A case becomes and#34;mootand#34; when and#34;its factual or legal context changes in AND not decide a moot case is recognized in virtually every American jurisdiction. n37 B. Links to the disad and dissolves the Constitution Watson ’91 (Corey Watson, Associate @ Kirkland and Ellis LLP, 1991, and#34;Mootness and the Constitution,and#34; 86 Nw. U.L. Rev. 143, l/n)
From this core meaning, according to the model, have sprung various interpretative doctrines AND circumvention, the model asserts, is violent to democratic and representative ideals. C. Constitutional violations are an absolute side-constraint – as a policymaker you cannot vote for the perm Levinson ’00 Daryl Levinson, Associate Professor, University of Virginia, 2K, University of Chicago Law Review Spring 2000
Extending a majority rule analysis of optimal deterrence to constitutional torts requires some explanation, AND better off, by whatever measure, if constitutional rights were never violated.
No court stripping — 4 reasons. Devins, ’6 (Law Prof — William 26 Mary, May, 90 Minn. L. Rev. 1337)
Unlike the Warren era (where a potent coalition of lawmakers was truly upset with AND contrast, seem more a rhetorical rallying call than a roadmap for change.
Justices will stay one step behind legislatures—-cooperative action doesn’t let Congress tie their hands Helmke 26 Rosenbluth 9 Gretchen Helmke is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Rochester, AND Frances Rosenbluth is professor of political science, Yale University, and#34;Regimes and the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence in Comparative Perspective,and#34; Annual Review of Political ScienceVol. 12: 345-366 (Volume publication date June 2009, EBSCO
A second set of explanations for judicial independence assumes that legislators make a deliberate choice AND future range of maneuver by staying within the broad bands of public support. Politicians can deflect blame Martens 7 Alison M. Martens, political science at University of Louisville, 2007 (Perspectives on Politics 5.3)
The outline of this revised research agenda, begins by looking at a 1993 article AND public included, accepts and expects interpretive authority to reside with the courts. Court decisions preserve capital—only a risk of a turn Tushnet 8 William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law @ Harvard University ~Mark, and#34;The Obama Presidency and the Roberts Court: Some Hints From Political Scienceand#34; 25 Const. Commentary 343, Summer, lexis~
What can the courts do for a resilient regime? Presidents and Congress have limited AND supporters will put pressure on the President to do something about the Court.
Case
Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved Boulding 77 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.~1~~2~ He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science. He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.
Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive AND it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer.
War turns structural violence Bulloch 8 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies
But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities AND problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political.
TURNS CASE: FRAMING PATRIARCHY AS A FIXED MONOLITHIC SYSTEM ONTOLOGIZES MALE DOMINATION AND FEMALE VICTIMHOOD. UNDERMINES POSSIBILITIES FOR AGENCY AND RESISTANCE. Bakare-Yusuf, INDEPENDENT GENDER AND CULTURAL STUDIES SCHOLAR, 03 (BIBI, BEYOND DETERMINISM: THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF AFRICAN FEMALE EXISTENCE, FEMINIST AFRICA: ISSUE 2, HTTP://WWW.FEMINISTAFRICA.ORG/FA202/02-2003/BIBI.HTML)
Despite the contributions to understanding oppressive power relations made by theorists who focus emphatically on AND positions in inevitable hierarchies, but stresses transformation and productive forms of contestation.
3. THIS OUTWEIGHS CASE: DESPITE THEIR BEST INTENTIONS, THEIR RHETORICAL STRATEGY ONLY LIBERATES AFFLUENT WESTERN WHITE WOMEN WHILE JUSTIFYING OPPRESSION OF WOMEN WHO DON’T CONFORM TO THEIR HEGEMONIC UNDERSTANDING OF WOMANHOOD. McEwan, SENIOR LECTURER IN DEPT OF GEOGRAPHY @ DURHAM UNIV, 01 (CHERYL, POSTCOLONIALISM, FEMINISM AND DEVELOPMENT: INTERSECTIONS AND DILEMMAS, PROGRESS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 1:2, P. 93-111)
Black feminist and postcolonial critiques have also offered more profound examinations of the racism and AND , without arguing that all oppression derives ultimately from men’s oppression of women.
Voting for restrict presidential war power establishes a very narrow topic – commander in chief AND the topic or the community is forced into voting for a list topic.
10/6/13
Kentucky Round 5 - Neg v George Washington NS
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Dan Bagwell
1NC
1NC Debt Ceiling DA
Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will cave
President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND and#34;They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.and#34;
The plan causes an inter-branch fight that derails Obama’s agenda
Kriner 10 Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated AND insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena
That consumes his capital and causes a default
Lillis, 9/7 (Mike, The Hill, and#34;Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of voteand#34;
The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide AND through this fiscal thicket. These are going to be very difficult votes.and#34;
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Collapse causes nuclear conflicts
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics AND and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.
1NC Drone Shift DA
Obama is prioritizing capture over drone strikes now
So Obama’s speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration’s acknowledgment yesterday that AND dicey practice of indefinite detention or a conclusion to the fight against terrorism. But the speech may well mark a pivot point. Not shockingly, Obama is AND 11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.
Plan spurs shift towards drones
Chesney 11 (Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, and#34;ARTICLE: WHO MAY BE HELD? MILITARY DETENTION THROUGH THE HABEAS LENSand#34;, Boston College Law Review, 52 B.C. L. Rev 769, Lexis)
The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross- AND substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.
That causes great power war and hotspot escalation
Dowd 2013 (Alan W. Dowd, widely published writer on national defense, foreign policy, and international security including contributions to Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Winter-Spring 2013, and#34;Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings,and#34; Parameters, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf)
If these geo-political consequences of remote-control war do not get ¶ AND spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.
1NC Courts CP
An appropriate appellate court should submit a writ of certification to the United States Supreme Court requesting clarification of Presidential authority to indefinitely detain. The Supreme Court should rule, issuing writs of mandamus, that the United States should create a National Security Court structured under Article III of the United States Constitution for the purposes of judicial review of the United States’ indefinite detention policy.
It solves
O’Brien ’11 (David M. Orsquo;Brien is Leone Reaves and George W. Spicer AND in American Politics W W Norton 26 Company Incorporated, 2011, TSW)
Although most cases now come as certiorari petitions, Congress provides that appellate courts may also submit a writ of certification to the Court, requesting the justices to clarify or and#34;make¶ more certainand#34; a point of federal law. The Court receives only¶ a handful of such cases each term. Congress also gave the Court¶ the power to issue certain extraordinary writs, or orders. In a¶ few cases, the Court may issue writs of mandamus and prohibition, ordering lower courts or public officials either to do some-¶ thing or to refrain from some action. In addition, the Court has¶ die power to grant writs of habeas corpus (and#34;produce the bodyand#34,¶ enabling it to review cases by prisoners who claim that their constitutional rights have been violated and that they are unlawfully¶ imprisoned.
CP solves – empirically courts can restrict
Fisher 2005 (Louis Fisher, senior specialist in separation of Powers with the Congressional Research Service, September 2005, and#34;Judicial Review of the War Power,and#34; Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 35, No 3, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf)
The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military AND many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war.
There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their AND action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.
1NC Schmitt K
Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality
Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and#34;Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?and#34; Cardozo Law Review 27)
Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by AND of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.
Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.
Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, and#34;Sovereignty in Theory and Practice.and#34; San Diego International Law Journal 13)
Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have AND for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.
Legitimacy Adv
Cred is terminally low — lack of coherent security strategy means that individual actions (like the plan) aren’t perceived
Many of my fellow Syria hawks argue that the U.S. should strike AND effect on Iranian policy as a bunch of ducks floating in the water.
No modeling
Law 26 Versteeg 12—Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law @ Washington University 26 Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law @ University of Virginia ~David S. Law 26 Mila Versteeg, and#34;The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution,and#34; New York University Law Review, Vol. 87, 2012
The appeal of American constitutionalism as a model for other countries appears to be waning AND States, but the manner in which constitutions are written increasingly does not. If the U.S. Constitution is indeed losing popularity as a model for other countries, what—or who—is to blame? At this point, one can only speculate as to the actual causes of this decline, but four possible hypotheses suggest themselves: (1) the advent of a superior or more attractive competitor; (2) a general decline in American hegemony; (3) judicial parochialism; (4) constitutional obsolescence; and (5) a creed of American exceptionalism. With respect to the first hypothesis, there is little indication that the U. AND one that has been collectively forged rather than modeled upon a specific constitution. Another possibility is that America’s capacity for constitutional leadership is at least partly a function AND this Article is potentially indicative of a broader decline in American soft power. There are also factors specific to American constitutionalism that may be¶ reducing its appeal AND jurisprudence or to the U.S. Constitution itself for inspiration.275 It is equally plausible, however, that responsibility for the declining appeal of American AND would still lack the power to update the actual text of the document. Indeed, efforts by the Court to update the Constitution via interpretation may actually reduce AND attention from the fact that the Constitution itself is an increasingly atypical document. One way to put a more positive spin upon the U.S. Constitution’s AND to respect for the exceptional character of the nation and its constitution.286 Unfortunately, it is clear that the reasons for the declining influence of American constitutionalism AND the spread of American constitutionalism. But this did not come to pass. Once global constitutionalism is understood as the product of a polycentric evolutionary process, it AND But the world would surely pay close attention. Pg. 78-83
No spillover — lack of credibility in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all
MacDonald 11 Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Spring 2011, and#34;Graceful Decline?: The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,and#34; International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4, p. 7-44
Second, pessimists overstate the extent to which a policy of retrenchment can damage a AND up resources and signaled a strong commitment to an area of greater significance.
Hegemony isn’t key to peace
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
Heg is unsustainable
Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. and#34;Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americanaand#34;. The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n5422359 China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last AND with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.
Multilateral coop will always structurally fail regardless of their internal link
Barma et al., 13 (Naazneen, assistant professor of national-security affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School; Ely Ratner, a fellow at the Center for a New American Security; and Steven Weber, professor of political science and at the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley, March/April 2013, and#34;The Mythical Liberal Order,and#34; The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/print/article/the-mythical-liberal-order-8146)
Assessed against its ability to solve global problems, the current system is falling progressively AND era, and they approach the global system in a meaningfully different way.¶
No climate multilateralism — nationalism ensures gridlock
Gridlock exists across a range of different areas in global governance today, from security AND gridlock and the continuing failure to address global collective action problems appears likely.
No impact - threat overestimated and adaption solves
Mendelsohn 9 (Robert O. the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of¶ Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, and#34;Climate Change and¶ Economic Growth,and#34; online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/¶ gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from AND range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses.
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Richard Lindzen, AND rising, he said temperatures are always fluctuating by tenths of a degree.
No impact to disease – they either burn out or don’t spread
Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it AND lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.
Terrorism Adv
Exec flexibility on detention powers now
Tomatz 13 Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston, J AND ON ENEMY DETENTION,and#34; 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
President Obama signed the NDAA and#34;despite having serious reservations with certain provisions that regulate AND about known and hidden dangers, and preventing terrorists from continuing the fight.
Judicial review of foreign policy decks the executive flexibility necessary to solve prolif, terror, and the rise of hostile powers—-link threshold is low
Blomquist 10 Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881
Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big AND ,and#34; n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.
No nuclear terror- lack of resources, expertise, facilities, and certainty
However, the most competent and well-financed terrorists groups would face difficulty in AND enormous technical and financial obstacles a terrorist group faces would serve to deter.
Empirics and studies prove
Mauroni ’12 (Al, senior policy analyst with the Air Force. A former Army officer, he has over twenty-five years experience in military chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological (CBRN) defense policy and program development. He is a graduate of Carnegie-Mellon University and has a master’s of science in administration from Central Michigan University. He is the author of six books and more than two-dozen articles on the topic. His latest book is Where Are the WMDs? (Naval Press Institute, 2006), Volume VIII, and#34;Nuclear Terrorism: Are We Prepared?and#34; http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=8.1.9)**
The source of the threat is important to this discussion, even more so than AND discussion: to understand how effectively the USG is performing in this case.
The horrors of nuclear terrorism are almost unimaginable, too terrible to think about, AND to soften the blow, respond, and ultimately recover from an attack.
No impact to bioterror
Mueller 10 ~John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press~
Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could potentially, if thus far only in AND reduced still further by sunlight, smog, humidity, and temperature changes.
Explosive methods of dispersion may destroy the organisms, and, except for anthrax spores AND then effective dispersal could easily be disrupted by unfavorable environmental and meteorological conditions.
Al-Qaeda is dead – attacks fail and ideology dead
Bergen 12 (Peter Bergen, CNN national security analyst, is the author of and#34;Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for bin Laden, From 9/11 to Abbottabad.and#34;, 6/6/2012, and#34;And now, only one senior al Qaeda leader leftand#34;, edition.cnn.com/2012/06/05/opinion/bergen-al-qaeda-whos-left/index.html)
Washington (CNN) — The news that Abu Yahya al-Libi, the AND that fear of al Qaeda in its present state is even more irrational.
Solvency
The president will circumvent the aff
McNeal 8 Gregory McNeal 08, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law. The author previously served as an academic consultant to the former Chief Prosecutor, Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, and#34;ARTICLE: BEYOND GUANTANAMO, OBSTACLES AND OPTIONS,and#34; August 08, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 29
3. Executive Forum-Discretion—Any reform which allows for adjudication of guilt AND proposed reform is incomplete without thoroughly addressing the factors that the Executive balances.
No solvency—wouldn’t be seen as different from the squo
This approach suggests that a national security court would have adequate means by which to AND distinction remains fluid enough as to be an arbitrary judgment by government officials.
Article III courts can’t solve—delays and security issues kill due process
Guiora 9 Amos N. Guiora 9, Professor of Law at the S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, served in the Judge Advocate General’s Corps of the Israel Defense Forces where he held senior command positions related to the legal and policy aspects of operational counterterrorism, and#34;Creating a Domestic Terror Courtand#34;, PDF
As mentioned above, this article assumes that both traditional Article III courts and international AND purposes but cannot under any circumstances-be the sole basis of conviction.
2NC
Drone Shift
The drone-detention trade-off is real, even if they’re right about inability to capture in the FATA eliminating detention sets a dangerous precedent that’s modeled and collapses US credibility and democratic accountability- turns the whole aff
By some accounts, the growing reliance on drone strikes is partly a result of AND tool of war and continue proclaiming our adherence to the rule of law.
Here is comparative evidence — Drones are worse than detention for international perception
Recently, strong evidence has begun to suggest that terrorists use drone strikes as a AND the wider socio-political impact and indirect costs when evaluating its efficacy.
2) Military commanders agree – they embolden rivals and trashes counterterrorism progress
Reports of innocent civilians killed by drones — whether real or, as American officials AND It’s the face of American foreign policy, and it’s an ugly face.and#34;
3) The hydra effect
Blum 10 Gabriella Blum 10, Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Philip Heymann, the James Barr Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, June 27, 2010, and#34;Law and Policy of Targeted Killing,and#34; Harvard National Security Journal, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol-1_Blum-Heymann_Final.pdf
An immediate consequence of eliminating leaders of terrorist organizations will sometimes be what may be AND than protracted legal battles over detention, trial, extradition, and release.
Drones second to detention now – plan reverses that
In May, Obama defended the use of drone strikes as a necessary evil, but one that must be used with more temperance as the United States’ security situation evolves.¶ America prefers to capture, interrogate and prosecute terrorists, but there are times when this isn’t possible, Obama said in a speech at the National Defense University in Washington.
Detention preferred to drones now – high presidential authority key
The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I AND Judge Brown to identify and#34;take no prisonersand#34; as Boumediene’s true legacy.
There has been speculation about the effect of the Obama administration’s pinched detention policy – AND of a detention-drone tradeoff will become harder and harder to defend.
2) Avoiding objections – causes a shift to targeted killing and extraditing prisoners
The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at AND help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.
Even if the tradeoff isn’t 1-1, there is still a trade-off - their evidence only focuses on FATA regions which is a terrible model – even if they win this, all of the other areas where drones strikes are down create a unique scenario for drone ramp up
Chesney 11 – THEIR AUTHOR (Robert Chesney 11, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the UT School of Law as well as a non-resident Senior Fellow at Brookings, and#34;Examining the Evidence of a Detention-Drone Strike Tradeoffand#34;, October 17, www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/examining-the-evidence-of-a-detention-drone-strike-tradeoff/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/examining-the-evidence-of-a-detention-drone-strike-tradeoff/, KB)
Having said all that: it does not follow that there is no detention- AND detention versus targeting, but something much more complex and difficult to measure.
Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict
And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul AND lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government.and#34;
South China Sea conflicts cause extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, and#34;Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?and#34;, www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND , radioactive debris sent aloft by the nuclear explosions would blot out the sun
and bring on a and#34;nuclear winterand#34; around the globe—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.
Legitimacy Adv
PRISM
Migranyan 7/5 (Andranik is the director of the Institute for Democracy and Cooperation in New York. He is also a professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow, a former member of the Public Chamber and a former member of the Russian Presidential Council. and#34;Scandals Harm U.S. Soft Power,and#34; 2013, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/scandals-harm-us-soft-power-8695)
For the past few months, the United States has been rocked by a series AND America—and its model for governance—with a more critical eye.
American hypocrisy in the Middle East destroys credibility
The Doha round of trade negotiations is deadlocked, despite eight successful multilateral trade rounds AND and reform, and the domestic political landscapes of the most powerful countries.
The Doha round of trade negotiations is deadlocked, despite eight successful multilateral trade rounds AND and reform, and the domestic political landscapes of the most powerful countries.
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don’t view climate change AND crop yields, so we’re essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain.and#34;
No positive feedbacks - takes out 100 of the impact
Vahrenholt 12 Fritz Vahrenholt 12, Honorary Professor of chemistry at the University of Hamburg, former Umweltsenator in the German Ministry for Environment, Scientific Reviewer for the 2010 IPCC, June 18, 2012, and#34;Global warming: second thoughts of an environmentalist,and#34; The Telegraph, online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9338939/Global-warming-second-thoughts-of-an-environmentalist.html
Furthermore, what is little known is that CO2 also requires a strong amplifier if AND which need to be addressed in an impartial and open-minded way.
Long timeframe and adaption checks, EVEN in the worst-case scenario
Barrett 7 Barrett, professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, ’7¶ (Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)
First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5 AND defense, but we would have done much more about it by now.
Their models are flawed
Stockwell 11 David Stockwell 11, Researcher at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, Ph.D. in Ecosystem Dynamics from the Australian National University, developed the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production system making contributions modeling of invasive species, epidemiology of human diseases, the discovery of new species, and effects on species of climate change, April 21, 2011, and#34;Errors of Global Warming Effects Modeling,and#34; online: http://landshape.org/enm/errors-of-global-warming-effects-modeling/-http://landshape.org/enm/errors-of-global-warming-effects-modeling/
Predictions of massive species extinctions due to AGW came into prominence with a January 2004 AND , hard to find and no-one is really looking for them.
Their appeals to scientific consensus shut down democratic deliberation and reinforce technocracy—proven by someone like Hansen who is a hack scientist but is in NASA so we trust him
For many years, attempts to encourage debate on global warming science or policy have AND of cronyism is shown by the emails to be rampant in the IPCC.
Previous temperature spikes disprove the impact
Singer, PhD physics – Princeton University and professor of environmental science – UVA, consultant – NASA, GAO, DOE, NASA, Carter, PhD paleontology – University of Cambridge, adjunct research professor – Marine Geophysical Laboratory @ James Cook University, and Idso, PhD Geography – ASU, ’11 (S. Fred, Robert M. and Craig, and#34;Climate Change Reconsidered,and#34; 2011 Interim Report of the Nongovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
Research from locations around the world reveal a significant period of elevated air temperatures that AND of the data employed by Mann et al. (1998, 1999).
Climate scientists estimate that global warming of 2C above pre-industrial levels marks the AND developing countries for the first time agreed to curb their greenhouse gas output.
Past tipping point even if they reduced all emissions to zero
Even if all the world’s smokestacks and tailpipes were to suddenly stop spewing CO2, AND not true,and#34; said Ms. Solomon, according to the Associated Press.
Warming locked in—current construction and no international deal means it will be runaway
James Hansen and other prominent climatolo AND in reverse—hundreds of billions of tons of that stuff.
The Heg debate is OVER - U.S. decline is not only inevitable, it has arrived. The U.S. must accept China’s ascendancy
Layne 12 Christopher Layne 2012 (is Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University; ISQ* peer reviewed: ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: International Relations: 10 / 73; Political Science: 18 / 139 Impact Factor: 1.523) and#34;This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americanaand#34; International Studies Quarterly, 1-11
The Cold War’s end stifled the burgeoning late 1980s’ debate about America’s relative decline while AND United States’ central grand strategic preoccupation during the next ten to fifteen years.
Past two decades prove
Mearsheimer 2011 (John J., R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, The National Interest, Imperial by Design, lexis)
One year later, Charles Krauthammer emphasized in and#34;The Unipolar Momentand#34; that the AND heady days of the early 1990s have given way to a pronounced pessimism.
Their laundry list of vague impacts is academic junk – conflicts can’t just emerge
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments AND their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.
Heg decline will be peaceful - deductive and empirical evidence goes negative
Parent 11 Assistant for of pol sci, U Miami. PhD in pol sci, Columbia—and—Paul MacDonald—assistant prof of pol sci, Williams (Joseph, Graceful Decline?;The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment, Intl. Security, Spring 1, p. 7)
Some observers might dispute our conclusions, arguing that hegemonic transitions are more conflict prone AND its ability to sustain its economic performance or engage in foreign policy adventurism.
Apart from these practical issues, however, the very existence of the U AND The complexity of the current issues requires more than legal and moral accountability.
No spillover—legal and public investigations are key
To summarize, genuine accountability is the route to lasting credibility in the wake of AND through its elected representatives are both critical elements to accountability and ultimately credibility.
Terror Adv
Both Congress and the Courts have given Obama full authority to indefinitely detain
The Obama administration has won the latest battle in their fight to indefinitely detain US AND term is still properly defined — can be locked up in military jails.
1) Priorities – judicial review puts focus on executive compliance at the forefront – that detracts from military missions that are the bedrock of our security
McCarthy 9 Andrew McCarthy 09, Director of the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. From 1985 through 2003, he was a federal prosecutor at the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, and was the lead prosecutor in the seditious conspiracy trial against Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and eleven others, described subsequently. AND Alykhan Velshi, a staff attorney at the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force, 8/20/09, and#34;Outsourcing American Law,and#34; AEI Working Paper, http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf-http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf
Empirically, judicial demands on executive branch procedural compliance, if unchecked, become steadily AND the very outcome the creation of a new system was intended to avoid.
2) Time - restrictions delay critical executive action - key to prevent terrorism
Tomatz 13 Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston, J AND ON ENEMY DETENTION,and#34; 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
Reading the tea leaves of judicial dicta may be fraught with difficulty, but one AND security concerns against the need to protect individuals from arbitrary deprivation of liberty.
3) Unrestricted authority – its key – the plan makes combatting terrorism impossible
Tomatz 13 Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston, J AND ON ENEMY DETENTION,and#34; 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
Recent statements by Administration officials reflect these principles. This begins with a core recognition AND belligerent equally justifies his or her preventive detention under the law of war.
McCarthy 9 Andrew McCarthy 09, Director of the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. From 1985 through 2003, he was a federal prosecutor at the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, and was the lead prosecutor in the seditious conspiracy trial against Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and eleven others, described subsequently. AND Alykhan Velshi, a staff attorney at the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force, 8/20/09, and#34;Outsourcing American Law,and#34; AEI Working Paper, http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf-http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf
3. Terrorism prosecutions create the conditions for more terrorism. The treatment of a AND they encourage the notion that the nation may be attacked with relative impunity.
5) Influx – the plan causes it which overwhelms security measures
McNeal 8 Gregory McNeal 08, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law. The author previously served as an academic consultant to the former Chief Prosecutor, Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, and#34;ARTICLE: BEYOND GUANTANAMO, OBSTACLES AND OPTIONS,and#34; August 08, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 29
Unfortunately for any new system, terrorism trials require a lot of resources. A AND refuse to release the information required to successfully prosecute the eighty triable detainees.
6) Evidence – plan sets the bar too high – foreign government will refuse to cooperate which makes combatting terrorism impossible
A second reason for preventive detention and President Bush’s enemy-combatant policy is incapacitation AND as is the usual requirement under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution.159
10/6/13
Kentucky Round 7 - Neg v Wake Forest CV
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest CV | Judge: Steve Pointer
1NC
and#34;Detainmentand#34; PIC
The United States federal judiciary should apply a clear statement principle to the statutorily defined indefinite imprisonment war powers authority of the President of the United States on the grounds that executive indefinite imprisonment violates the Suspension Clause.
The use of the term ’detained’ to describe imprisonment sanitizes the process and smoothly transforms a system of abuse and degradation into a clean administrative procedure—-this linguistic move actively legitimizes the worst excesses of the war on terror
Tomatz 13 Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston, J AND ON ENEMY DETENTION,and#34; 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
President Obama signed the NDAA and#34;despite having serious reservations with certain provisions that regulate AND about known and hidden dangers, and preventing terrorists from continuing the fight.
Judicial review of foreign policy decks the executive flexibility necessary to solve prolif, terror, and the rise of hostile powers—-link threshold is low
Blomquist 10 Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881
Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big AND ,and#34; n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.
1NC Drone Shift DA
Obama is prioritizing capture over drone strikes now
So Obama’s speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration’s acknowledgment yesterday that AND dicey practice of indefinite detention or a conclusion to the fight against terrorism. But the speech may well mark a pivot point. Not shockingly, Obama is AND 11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.
Plan spurs shift towards drones
Chesney 11 (Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, and#34;ARTICLE: WHO MAY BE HELD? MILITARY DETENTION THROUGH THE HABEAS LENSand#34;, Boston College Law Review, 52 B.C. L. Rev 769, Lexis)
The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross- AND substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.
That causes great power war and hotspot escalation
Dowd 2013 (Alan W. Dowd, widely published writer on national defense, foreign policy, and international security including contributions to Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Winter-Spring 2013, and#34;Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings,and#34; Parameters, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf)
If these geo-political consequences of remote-control war do not get ¶ AND spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.
1NC Apocalyptic Predictions
Apocalyptic predictions make serial policy failure inevitable
Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, and#34;Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresightand#34;, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political AND well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice.
The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan. If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite
Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld, and#34;From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politicsand#34; Alternatives 33 (2008), 211-232) The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to and#34;calculate AND prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.
The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC
Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering
Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; and#34;The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginaryand#34;, Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010) Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy AND security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.
Indeed, contrary to the warning proponents of U.S. military intervention typically AND and now have a common interest in stabilizing Afghanistan and containing the rivalries.
Their impacts are empirically denied and instability is inevitable
Some analysts, including Carnegie Endowment senior associate Robert Kagan, insist that were the AND man in a society that placed a premium upon independence and aggression.21
No impact to failure in Afghanistan— The Taliban won’t take over the whole country and they wont support Al Qaeda
Moreover, the worst-case scenario—the resurrection of the Taliban’s fundamentalist regime AND opportunistic attempt to cloak U.S. strategic ambitions in moralistic values.
The fact that I feel compelled to pose this question so soon after the completion AND for international forces and the Afghan government to make progress against the insurgency.and#34;
Analysis of these incidents suggests that nuclear war is in fact more likely between India AND the Indian population and 93 percent of the Pakistani population would survive.35
Deterrence checks
Waltz 2k (Kenneth, poli sci prof at Columbia University, research associate of the Institute of War and Peace Studies, Winter/Spring, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, and#34;Interview: Is Kenneth Waltz Still M.A.D. about Nukes?and#34; Interviewed by Jeremy Goldberg and Parag Khanna, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html)
Stability in the subcontinent now exists; it had not existed since World War II AND fear of the retaliation, and it’s that fear of retaliation that deters.
Abstention
Give a US-Russia war impact zero probability – politics, military superiority, economic concerns, and nuclear security all check war
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that and#34; AND while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.
Even a rapid conflict will end in peaceful negotiations-generals concede there would be no nuclear escalation
Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007 and#34;WILL AMERICA FIGHT RUSSIAand#34;. Defense and Security, No 78. LN
Ivashov: Numerous scenarios and options are possible. Everything may begin as a local AND nuclear arsenals. It will stop the war and put negotiations into motion.
Russia has adjusted to early warning declines—accident and miscalc risk low
No US-China War – econ, deterrence, resilient relations
Harding 12 (Harry, American political scientist specializing in Chinese politics and foreign affairs, founding dean of the Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia, previously served as dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs, advised several US Presidents on developments in the PRC; August, and#34;American Visions of the Future of U.S.-China Relations: Competition, Cooperation, and Conflict,and#34; in Tangled Titans, ed. David Shambaugh, Rowland 26 Littlefield, p. 406 – Kurr)
Fortunately, an essentially confrontational relationship is also unlikely, especially in the sense of AND deterrence will play an important role in preventing the descent into military confrontation.
They don’t solve middle east arms sales- other countries fill in
According to a report released on Wednesday by London-based human rights organisation Amnesty AND popular uprisings: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen.
No escalation
Fettweis 7 Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, 7 (Christopher, and#34;On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,and#34; Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98)
Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni- AND cooperation to address that common interest is far more likely than outright warfare.
Middle East conflict won’t escalate – local conflicts do not spillover
Cook, Takeyh, and Maloney 7 Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 and#34;Why the Iraq war won’t engulf the Mideastand#34;, International Herald Tribune
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in AND its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.
No global escalation
Dyer 2 (Gwynne, former appointments to the Royal Military College Sandhurst and Oxford University, former member of three different armed services, Winter, and#34;The Coming War,and#34; Queen’s Quarterly, Expanded Academic ASAP)
All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible AND . But the good news is: we are out of the business.
Solvency
Obama will disregard the Court. He is on record
Pyle 12—Professor of constitutional law and civil liberties @ Mount Holyoke College ~Christopher H. Pyle, and#34;Barack Obama and Civil Liberties,and#34; Presidential Studies Quarterly, Volume 42, Issue 4, December 2012, Pg. 867–880~
Preventive Detention But this is not the only double standard that Obama’s attorney general has endorsed. AND States committed by prisoners following a court-ordered release (Serwer 2009). According to Holder, courts and commissions are and#34;essential tools in our fight against AND judgment of a court. Indeed, it is grounds for Holder’s disbarment. As a senator, Barack Obama denounced President Bush’s detentions on the ground that a AND whom the Bush administration cleared for release five years ago (Worthington 2012b). Thus, Obama’s and#34;accomplishmentsand#34; in the administration of justice and#34;are slight,and#34; AND while reassuring conservatives that America’s justice will continue to be laced with revenge. It is probably naïve to expect much more of an elected official. Few presidents AND be camouflaged with euphemisms like and#34;enhanced interrogation techniquesand#34; (Editorial 2011b).
Congress will backlash. It will functionally bar the Court from exercising its authority
Vladeck 11—Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship @ American University ~Stephen I. Vladeck, and#34;Why Klein (Still) Matters: Congressional Deception and the War on Terrorism,and#34; Journal of National Security Law, Volume 5, 6/16/2011, 9:38 AM
Six weeks later, Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act, which included a series AND arising out of the military detention of noncitizen terrorism suspects at Guantánamo.44 As significantly, at the same time as Congress has left some of these key AND section has been repeatedly enforced by the federal courts in other cases.50 Such legislative efforts to forestall judicial resolution of the merits can also be found in the telecom immunity provisions of the FAA,51 which provided that telecom companies could not be held liable for violations of the Telecommunications Act committed in conjunction with certain governmental surveillance programs.52 Thus, in addition to changing the underlying substantive law going forward, the FAA pretermitted a series of then-pending lawsuits against the telecom companies.53 Analogously, Congress has attempted to assert itself in the debate over civilian trials versus AND from exercising their core authority, be it judicial review or executive discretion. Wasserman views these developments as a period of what Professor Blasi described as and#34;constitutional AND function in the manner they deem appropriate.and#34;56 pg. 257-259
The CIA’s use of and#34;extraordinary renditionand#34;, the practice of transporting a suspect to AND -to-shoulder with the U.S.and#34; (Heller 1).
The president will circumvent the aff
McNeal 8 Gregory McNeal 08, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law. The author previously served as an academic consultant to the former Chief Prosecutor, Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, and#34;ARTICLE: BEYOND GUANTANAMO, OBSTACLES AND OPTIONS,and#34; August 08, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 29
3. Executive Forum-Discretion—Any reform which allows for adjudication of guilt AND proposed reform is incomplete without thoroughly addressing the factors that the Executive balances.
2NC
K
The method of evidence selection used by the 1AC makes effective debate impossible
Stevens 2007 (Alex Stevens, Senior Researcher-European Institute of Social Services, School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, Keynes College, University of Kent, and#34;Survival of the Ideas that Fit: An Evolutionary Analogy for the Use of Evidence in Policyand#34; Social Policy and Society 6:1, 25–35)
The proposed evolutionary analogy goes beyond the political/tactical model by also helping to AND it less likely that superior explanations and solutions will be put into practice.
The modern liberal state utilizes the threat of nuclear weapons to justify invasion in the interim to prevent catastrophe. Their representations are more likely to lead to preemption than passivity.
Massumi 07 (Brian, Communication Department of the Université de Montréal , and#34;Potential Politics and the Primacy of Preemptionand#34
Fear is always a good reason to go politically conditional. Fear is the palpable AND and going kinetic was and#34;containedand#34; to the status of local anomaly.
This worst case storytelling causes social paralysis and serial policy failure.
Furedi 10 – Professor of sociology at the University of Kent, Frank, and#34;This shutdown is about more than volcanic ashand#34;, Spiked, 4/19, http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/8607/ Whatever the risks posed by the eruption of a volcano in Iceland, it seems AND reluctance to engage with uncertainty that represents the real threat to our future.
Refusing to confront the possibility of nuclear war fosters complacency and thwarts efforts to stop apocalypse
Schell, 1982 (Jonathan, Journalist and Peace Activist, and#34;The Fate of the Earth,and#34; p. 231) Two paths lie before us. One leads to death, the other to life AND though we were gradually weaning ourselves from life in preparing from the end.
Ontology comes first – the state of pure war is an internalized dread which manifests itself in populations conditioned by the dramatization of catastrophic events. This is invisible, psychic, violence comes first because it occurs at the individual level and makes material war and violence possible.
Borg 2003 (Mark; PhD in psychoanalysis, practicing psychoanalyst and community/organizational consultant working in New York City. He is a graduate of the William Alanson White Institute’s psychoanalytic certification program and continues his candidacy in their organizational dynamics program. He is co-founder and executive director of the Community Consulting Group, and#34;Psychoanalytic Pure War: Interactions with the Post-Apocalyptic Unconsciousand#34;: JPCS: Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture 26 Society, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2003, MUSE)
Paul Virilio and Sylvere Lotringer’s concept of and#34;pure warand#34; refers to the potential AND preparation for absolute destruction and for personal, social, and cultural death.
Imagining specific scenarios is vital to preventing nuclear omnicide
Harvard Nuclear Study Group, 1983 (and#34;Living With Nuclear Weapons,and#34; p. 47) The question is grisly, but nonetheless it must be asked. Nuclear war ~ AND not understood or dangers not yet prevented because they have not been foreseen.
This critical praxis is a prerequisite to effective policy solutions
Bruce 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of AND resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?
Drone Shift DA
The drone-detention trade-off is real, even if they’re right about inability to capture in the FATA eliminating detention sets a dangerous precedent that’s modeled and collapses US credibility and democratic accountability- turns the whole aff
By some accounts, the growing reliance on drone strikes is partly a result of AND tool of war and continue proclaiming our adherence to the rule of law.
There has been speculation about the effect of the Obama administration’s pinched detention policy – AND of a detention-drone tradeoff will become harder and harder to defend.
2) Avoiding objections – causes a shift to targeted killing and extraditing prisoners
Durbin, meanwhile, suggested that there was no need to worry about releasing Guantanamo detainees, because the U.S. could always kill them using drones if necessary – as happened earlier this year with Saeed al-Shihri, a top operative in al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. It was an unintentionally revealing statement that gave credence to human rights advocates’ belief that Obama and his Congressional allies favor killing terror suspects over detaining them.
Mazzetti gives another reason why Obama would rely so heavily on targeted killing and related AND Republicans wouldn’t oppose Obama and#34;for fighting too aggressive a campaign against terrorists.and#34;
5) Will – drones are the preference – the plan’s critique of indefinite detention makes it salient
John Bellinger, the lawyer who drafted the legal justification for the Bush administration’s use AND fair trial, future terrorism suspects will never even be taken to prison.
Even if the tradeoff isn’t 1-1, there is still a trade-off - their evidence only focuses on FATA regions which is a terrible model – even if they win this, all of the other areas where drones strikes are down create a unique scenario for drone ramp up
Chesney 11 – THEIR AUTHOR (Robert Chesney 11, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the UT School of Law as well as a non-resident Senior Fellow at Brookings, and#34;Examining the Evidence of a Detention-Drone Strike Tradeoffand#34;, October 17, www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/examining-the-evidence-of-a-detention-drone-strike-tradeoff/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/examining-the-evidence-of-a-detention-drone-strike-tradeoff/, KB)
Having said all that: it does not follow that there is no detention- AND detention versus targeting, but something much more complex and difficult to measure.
Drones second to detention now – plan reverses that
In May, Obama defended the use of drone strikes as a necessary evil, but one that must be used with more temperance as the United States’ security situation evolves.¶ America prefers to capture, interrogate and prosecute terrorists, but there are times when this isn’t possible, Obama said in a speech at the National Defense University in Washington.
Detention preferred to drones now – high presidential authority key
The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I AND Judge Brown to identify and#34;take no prisonersand#34; as Boumediene’s true legacy.
WASHINGTON — For more than a decade, the United States has been usingunmanned drones AND drone strikes should be reduced, if not ended entirely,and#34; he said.
These three topics are deeply intertwined, of course. With the drawdown of troops AND to thwart terrorists rather hellfire missile strikes from unseen robots in the sky.
3. Operation restrictions and host nation pressure
Zenko 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, and#34;Reforming US Drone Strike Policiesand#34; pdf)
Existing practices carry two major risks for U.S. interests that are¶ AND U.S. officials to openly address concerns and¶ counter misinformation.
4. Disregard evidence that doesn’t account for 2013, we’ve decreased strikes in key regions
President Obama embraced drone strikes in his first term, and the targeted killing of AND and no strike has been reported in Somalia for more than a year.
Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict
And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul AND lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government.and#34;
South China Sea conflicts cause extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, and#34;Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?and#34;, www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND —destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.
1NR
PIC
This cynical detachment authorizes the genocidal extermination of the planet—-Orwellian mind control both enables and necessitates a tolerance for brutality and violence
Mann 03 Halton Adler Mann, political writer for the Politix Group, 9/5/03 (http://www.politixgroup.com/comm180.htm) In George Orwell’s and#34;1984and#34;, his Everyman, Winston Smith perceives the significant signs AND democratic depredations if it is given its free forum, its vibrant voice.
Euphemisms are central to the administration’s capacity to wage an unregulated war on terror—-the plan legitimizes the abuse of civil liberties and the mistreatment of prisoners
We agree with the entirety of the 1ac —- but the debate is about the LANGAUGE employed by their advocacy statement —— if we win that the terminology that they employ is bad that is offense against the affirmative and a reason you vote negative NO MATTER how low the risk of the critique is
Herman 93 Edward S. Herman, professor emeritus at Wharton, 7/14/93 (http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Herman20/EHerman_Barsamian.html) In Beyond Hypocrisy, you quote George Orwell from his essay and#34;Politics and the AND people whose biases we’re merely supporting. But this educational function is fundamental.
Discursive analysis is key to policy making- language choices have profound implications on plan’s desirability and implementation- rhetorical criticism should precede any flawed assessment of plan’s instrumental benefits
Gehrke ’02 ~Pat J., PROF OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE @ UNIV OF SOUTH CAROLINA, CRITIQUE ARGUMENTS AS POLICY ANALYSIS: POLICY DEBATE BEYOND THE RATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE, PERSPECTIVES IN CONTROVERSY: SELECTED ESSAYS FROM CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE, P. 316-317~
Interpretive perspectives on policy offer unique advantages in repairing our policy deliberation model; as AND neatly separate policies from the language and advocacy that brings about their implementation.
The aff’s retention of _ as a dominant signifier short circuits solvency for the counterplan
DOTY, 96 (Roxanne Lynn, PROF of POL SCI @ Arizona State UNIV and PhD @ UNIV of Minnesota, Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North/South Relations, p. 47-8) But meaning was in fact FIXED, at least temporarily. How was this accomplished AND texts reveals the contestations and rhetorical strategies that call this status into question.
10/6/13
NDT - 1NC - CP - Dicta Courts
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: John Warden, Martin Osborn, Eric Forslund The United States Supreme Court, in the next relevant case, should signal, in dicta, that it is likely to rule that individuals indefinitely detained under the War Powers authority of the President of the United States must be tried by an existing Article III court or be released, unless the Executive modifies its indefinite detention practices to try individuals by an existing Article III court or be released.
CP solves- it generates executive compliance while preserving flex Deeks ‘13 Ashley S. Deeks, Associate Professor of Law, University of Virginia Law School. “The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference.” 82 Fordham L. Rev.¶ 827 (2013).¶ Available at: http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss2/16 ETB
Some national security scholars … (or minimize) the ¶ observer effect. Dicta distinct from actual restriction Allison 01 (Jim, certified paralegal, Feb 1, 2001, “Secular Humanism in U. S. Supreme Court Cases,” The Constitution Principle, online accessed Jan 1, 2011) In reading court … binding on anything.
3/28/14
NDT - 1NC - DA -Court Cap - EPA
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: John Warden, Martin Osborn, Eric Forslund Court is close with Kennedy leaning toward the EPA but can still be swung Denniston 2/24/14 (Lyle Denniston has been covering the Supreme Court for fifty-five years. In that time, he has covered one-quarter of all of the Justices ever to sit, and he has reported on the entire careers on the bench of ten of the Justices. He has been a journalist of the law for sixty-five years, beginning that career at the Otoe County Courthouse in Nebraska City, Nebraska, in the fall of 1948. He is not an attorney. “Argument recap: Five — the number that counts” Mon, February 24th, 2014 1:33 pm, http://www.scotusblog.com/2014/02/argument-recap-five-the-number-that-counts/, TSW)
The Supreme Court spent … vote for sure. Plan sparks backlash Devins, Goodrich Professor of Law and Professor of Government, College of William and Mary, ‘10 Neal, “Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants”, Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 2010, Throughout the course … the President and Congress.
Controversial decisions burn capital – justices need to pick their fights. Grosskopf and Mondak, ‘98 Anke (Assistant Prof of Political Science @ Long Island University) and Jeffrey (Professor of Political Science @ U of Illinois), 1998, “Do attitudes toward specific supreme court decisions matter? The impact of Webster and Texas v Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court” Political Research Quarterly, vol. 51 no 3 633-54 The existence of a … what answer we find.
Solves extinction Speth 2008 James, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Currently he serves the school as the Carl W. Knobloch, Jr. Dean and Sara Shallenberger Brown Professor in the Practice of Environmental Policy, The Bridge @ the Edge of the World, pg. 26 The possibility of … of species on the planet.
3/28/14
NDT - 1NC - K - Queer Theory
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: John Warden, Martin Osborn, Eric Forslund The 1AC finds its value in futurity – a political stance in structural and ontological opposition to the queer – attempts at political assimilation merely displace queerness onto others – the alternative is queer negativity – only this oppositional resistance to the enslavement of the future can contest infinite anti-queer violence Edelman 4 (Lee Edelman, a professor of English at Tufts University, “NO FUTURE: Queer Theory and the Death Drive” Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2004, KB) By denying our … the future stop here.
Civil society is built on and sustained through the creation of an inside and an outside that constructs everything not “normal” as the enemy, allowing endless violence Meeks 1 (Chet Meeks, State University of New York at Albany, “Civil Society and the Sexual Politics of Difference” Sociological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 3. (Nov., 2001), pp. 325-343, KB) Jeffrey Alexander: Civil Society as … Fraser calls "subaltern counterpublic spheres."
Futurism maintains itself by constantly creating new threats that risk destroying it in order to uphold the system itself – this creates real violence against the queer body in the name of saving humanity Edelman 4 (Lee Edelman, a professor of English at Tufts University, “NO FUTURE: Queer Theory and the Death Drive” Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2004, KB) On October 12, 1998—the evening … negative force that¶ sinthomosexuality names.
3/28/14
NDT - 2NC1NR - K - Queer Theory
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: John Warden, Martin Osborn, Eric Forslund Their depiction of the monstrous figure of the terrorist is once that incites anti-queer violence – the War on Terror is built upon a strategy of emasculating the terrorist Puar and Rai 2 (Jasbir K. Puar, Associate Professor of Women's and Gender Studies at Rutgers University, Amit Rai, will begin teaching this fall in the Program of Literature at Eugene Lang College, the New School for Social Research, “Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots” Social Text, 72 (Volume 20, Number 3), Fall 2002, Duke University Press, KB) Heteronormativity and Patriotism¶ We start … broader racist war itself.25
Plan focus requires constituting oneself as a responsible political subject who has a stake in its proceedings - this stake is always defined in the terrain of futurity, which means debates in their framework are ontologically anti-queer Edelman 4 (Lee Edelman, a professor of English at Tufts University, “NO FUTURE: Queer Theory and the Death Drive” Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2004, KB) Public appeals on … describes as reproductive futurism,
Their framework rests in the anti-queer political landscape that ALWAYS makes the alternative seem undesirable and impossible in an attempt to preserve heteronormativity Edelman 4 (Lee Edelman, a professor of English at Tufts University, “NO FUTURE: Queer Theory and the Death Drive” Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2004, KB) In the spring of 1997, … principle of communal relations.
4 – The world already ended for the queer - living on is merely an extension of the present Colebrook 14 (Claire Colebrook, Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of English at Penn State University, and she wrote a ton of books about Deleuze, “Feminist Extinction,” Sex After Life: Essays on Extinction, Volume Two, KB) Not the Post-apocalyptic (Not the Post-human), Not Now¶ To give … the fantasy of one’s own endurance.
2 - The permutation is impossible - the alternative is to refuse the insistence of hope as a mean of affirmation – the permutation is an act of hope for a perfect social order – obviously the alternative seems unthinkable and irresponsible alone but that is the point – in the face of the affirmative and the permutation, we cast our vote for “none of the above” Edelman 4 (Lee Edelman, a professor of English at Tufts University, “NO FUTURE: Queer Theory and the Death Drive” Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2004, KB) To make such a claim …. my argument takes shape.¶
This argument assumes the left is any better than the right – queerness must mean nothing for both Edelman 2 (Lee Edelman, a professor of English at Tufts University, “Post-Partum” Narrative, Volume 10, Number 2, May 2002, KB) Brenkman. no doubt … the social order itself.
Interpretation and violation —- the affirmative should defend the desirability of a topical action
Most predictable - the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action
Ericson 3 Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Statutory restrictions require legislative action
The Law Dictionary 13 "What is Statutory Restriction?, The Law Dictionary: Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/
What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION? Limits or controls that have been place~d~ on activities by its ruling legislation.
Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations
Barron ’08 David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 26 Martin S. Lederman,¶ Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, "THE¶ COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND¶ ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING," Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court AND preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.
T is voting issue —-
A - Decisionmaking – simulated debates over war powers authority are good — they give undergrads an opportunity to uncover a debate that would otherwise be stifled in public—that challenges conventional wisdom on a timely controversy
Kurr 2013 Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts 26 Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society (9/5, UVA Miller Center 26 CEDA Public Debate Series, "Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers", http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)
Taken together, the connection between tournament competition and a public collaboration reorients the pedagogical AND where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.
That enables effective resistance to executive overreach – only focus on specific policy questions can actualize change by making it relevant to policy-makers
Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, "Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs," European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13
This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to AND the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52
A general subject isn’t enough — debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis - that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Legal reforms are not doomed – specific demands cant actualize change
Adolph Reed 9, Professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the interim national council of the Labor Party, "The limits of anti-racism", http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Antiracism.html Antiracism is a favorite concept on the American left these days. Of course, AND . But this exposure convinces only those who are already disposed to recognize.
B - Dialogue – our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution —- there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative —- changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives
1NC
The affirmative’s claim to performatively effect change against capitalism locates agency in rhetorical performances like the precious 1AC - this shuts down materialist coalitional anti-capitalist movements
Gunn and Cloud 10 ~Joshua gunn and dana cloud, Phd Communicatoins, University of Texas Austin, Agentic Orientation as magical Voluntarism, Communication Theory~
Notably, Campbell’s statement on the status of agency does not attempt to reverse the AND structure and the (collective)¶ subject (also see Jameson, 1977).
Class is better starting point—intersecting inequality is real, but Marxism is key to historicize it and address collective imperatives
Taylor 11 ~Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, on the editorial board of the International Socialist Review and a doctoral student in African American Studies at Northwestern University; "Race, class and Marxism," SocialistWorker.org, http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism~~
Marxists believe that the potential for that kind of unity is dependant on battles and AND one group of workers suffer oppression, it negatively impacts the entire class.
There is no middle ground - only a total rejection of the affirmative’s starting point can solve. Our role is not to act from contingent cultural experience, but to embrace class consciousness
Tumino 2 (Stephen, Prof. of English @ Pitt, "Pierre Bourdieu as New Global Intellectual for Capital," Red Critique, http:redcritique.org/SeptOct02/pierrebourdieuasnewglobalintellectualforcapital.htm)
It is only such a scientific knowledge of social totality as provided by classical Marxism AND above class ideology" (Lenin What Is To Be Done? 41).
As Spivak says, the moment one says "I am subaltern", one is no longer subaltern. The second one says that they have been excluded from debate, and uses that argument as a coin of the realm in exchange for the ballot, they are no longer excluded. This not only undermines all their arguments as a reason to vote, but turns the affirmative. They set up the black subject as a privileged analyst, as being able to cut through the dross when everyone else fails. This is comparatively worse than color-blind racism.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "The Intervention Interview." The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, and Dialogues. Ed. Sarah Harasym. London: Routledge (1990). 113-132. 121-122.
Well, there’s a great deal to say here but, pour faire vite, AND 1848 in Europe which brought with it a certain kind of negative metaphysics.
Turn:
Thesis: THE PARADIGM OF A "SUFFERING" SUBJECT SUBORDINATES THE EXPERIENCE OF SUFFERING TO A MERE TOKEN TO BE EXCHANGED. THE AFFIRMATIVE’S FOCUS ON AND PRIVLEDGING OF THE VOICE MAIMS THE SUFFERING IT ATTEMPTS TO BRING TO THE FORE. ABBAS 2k10
~asma, "voice lessons: suffering and the liberal sensorium", v13 n2, theory and event BBA (Hons.); MBA, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan; MA, New School for Social Research; PhD The Pennsylvania State University., Professor at Bard College~
In a liberal society, every performance of justice requires a performance of suffering. AND merely as injury, identity, or other currency in liberal politics.2
Impact: THEIR POLITICS MANDATES THAT ONE SELF-IDENTIFY AS SUFFERING IN A PARTICULAR FORM 26 VIOLATES RATHER THAN HONORS SUFFERING. THIS POLITICS OF VOICING SUFFERING IS A LIBERATORY DISCOURSE THAT SERVES AS A GUISE FOR A TYRANNICAL POLITICS, A DEVOTION TO THE VOICE WHICH DESTROYS EACH UNIQUE EXPERIENCE OF SUFFERING.
abbas 2k10 ~asma, "voice lessons: suffering and the liberal sensorium", v13 n2, theory and event BBA (Hons.); MBA, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan; MA, New School for Social Research; PhD The Pennsylvania State University., Professor at Bard College~ The sensorium sponsored by liberalism assigns undisputed value to a form of expressed suffering as AND does to its unwilling subjects, but also what we do to it.
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
"Substantially" means the plan must be across the board
A substantial limitation is a significant restriction as to the condition, manner, or AND manifested in all facets of the student’s life, not only in school.
"In the area" means all of the activities
United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
Voting issue –
Limits – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check - only prohibitions on authority guarantee neg ground - their interpretation lets affs no link the best neg offense like deference and flexibility
Precision - only our interpretation defines "restrictions on authority" - that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis
Legalism K
Legal restraints motivated by conflict narratives cause endless intervention and WMD warfare
Morrissey 11 John Morrissey, Lecturer in Political and Cultural Geography, National University of Ireland, Galway; has held visiting research fellowships at University College Cork, City University of New York, Virginia Tech and the University of Cambridge. 2011, "Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror," Geopolitics, Volume 16, Issue 2, 2011
In the ’biopolitical nomos’ of camps and prisons in the Middle East and elsewhere AND toxic combination’ of US geopolitics and biopolitics defining the current age of securitization.
The impact is permanent warfare - security and fear-driven politics create the enabling conditions for executive overreach and violence which means it’s try or die and we turn the case
Jabri 6 Vivienne Jabri 6, Director of the Centre for International Relations and Senior Lecturer at the Department of War Studies, King’s College London, War, Security and the Liberal State, Security Dialogue, 37;47
LATE MODERN TRANSFORMATIONS are often conceived in terms of the sociopolitical and economic manifestations of AND sorts between the disciplinary, the carceral and the violent manifestations of government.
The alternative is to adopt political, rather than legal restrictions - framing war powers restrictions as a means to achieve greater national security quashes political alternatives to unilateral war-fighting
Contreras and Rassila 8 Francisco J. CONTRERAS Prf. Philosophy of Law @ Seville AND Ignacio de la RASILLA Ph.D. candidate in international law, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva 8 "On War as Law and Law as War" Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 21 Issue 3 p. 779-780 ~Gender paraphrased~
War’s ubiquity, its discontinuity, and the blurring of its outline are not without AND —of discretion to kill and let live. (p. 170).
Terror DA
Plan creates a chilling effect on operations
Cheng, Heritage Chinese political and security affairs research fellow, 2012 (Dean, "Winning Without Fighting: Chinese Legal Warfare", 5-21, lexis, ldg) On the other hand, the proper conduct of armies and nations, especially in AND home and abroad, if military operations were seen as contravening legal standards.
Causes terrorism and rogue state proliferation
Yoo 12 (John, professor of law at the University of California, Berkeley, "War Powers Belong to the President," http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president) A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
Adv CP
Text- The United States federal government should order the destruction of all bioengineered microorganisms created at biodefense labs and prohibit biodefense research in the United States.
Solves the adv better- Wheelis evidence says the mere existence of biodefense research in the US is driving a biological arms race globally that leads to bioweapon development and use
Net benefits are our DA and impact turns
Solvency
The deck is stacked in favor of the Executive – zero chance of enforcement - empirics
A. The Judiciary¶ The courts, which Hamilton called the "least dangerous AND Justice Department colleagues in developing the Nixon Administration’s ¶ military surveillance policy.256
President circumvents the judiciary
Scheppele 12 Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs @ Princeton University ~Kim Lane Scheppele (Dir. of the Program in Law and Public Affairs @ Princeton University), "The New Judicial Deference," Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, January 2012~
In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme AND present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.
Presidents will ignore limitations – forcing them to drawdown is politically impossible
In the case of the U.S. intervention in Libya, if the AND can also use their bully pulpit to maintain support for a military mission.
Warming
Their Modeling evidence is highlighted to the point of laughabilility
LONG EVIDENCE _ Their author concludes the courts need to EXPLICITLY cite International law in order to have a global signal – We have the paragraphs before and after their evidence
The logjam in international negotiations on climate change should not be difficult to break if AND of pollutants from our wasteful industries, construction, agriculture and transport systems.
Can’t solve- their Klevaras ev says squo tech insufficient to solve- no piece of ev says aff increases tech innovation sufficient to solve warming.
No impact - threat overestimated and adaption solves
Mendelsohn 9 (Robert O. the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of¶ Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and¶ Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/¶ gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from AND range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses.
Earth’s temperature is likely to jump six degrees between now and the end of the AND He said seas should rise about a foot every 20 to 25 years.
United States not key to solve warming and inevitable
Grose ’13 (Thomas K., National Geographic News Writer, "As U.S. Cleans Its Energy Mix, It Ships Coal Problems Abroad", March 15, 2013)
Ready for some good news about the environment? Emissions of carbon dioxide in the AND producers have made clear that they aim to tap into that growing market.
Impossible to cut global emissions – no modeling or momentum
The global warming movement as we have known it is dead. Its health had AND the UN has a comprehensive written collection of promised actions, he says."
Soft power is a gimmick- only based on GDP not credibility
Doctorow ’13 (Gilbert Doctorow, Research Fellow of the American University in Moscow, "Soft power is largely an American PR gimmick", May 20, 2013)
The recent nose-thumbing at Russia and China by Professor Joseph Nye in Foreign AND in Great Post-Cold War American Thinkers on International Relations (2010)
Biodiversity makes ecosystems less stable and more susceptible to collapse
Naeem, 02 ~Shahid Naeem - Director of Science at Center for Environmental Research and Conservation (CERC), Professor and Chair of Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, 07 March 2002, Nature Magazine, "Biodiversity: Biodiversity equals instability?"~
Carbon colonialism - the global climate regime relies on an imperialist epistemology. Carbon management that standardizes life and the natural world under inaccessible and domineering institutions.
Paterson and Stripple 7 *Matthew Paterson Poli Sci @ Ottawa and Johannes Stripple, PhD Poli Sci Lund (Sweden) ~The Social Construction of Climate Change ed. Mary Pettenger p. 162-163~
While it is easy to conceive of the sink issue as being produced by the AND and as the establishment of an epistemological empire of carbon management and control.
Bioterror
No impact to bioterror Mueller 10 ~John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press~
Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could potentially, if thus far only in AND then effective dispersal could easily be disrupted by unfavorable environmental and meteorological conditions.
No impact – the disease either burns out or doesn’t spread
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don’t view climate change AND crop yields, so we’re essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain."
No positive feedbacks - takes out 100 of the impact
Furthermore, what is little known is that CO2 also requires a strong amplifier if AND which need to be addressed in an impartial and open-minded way.
AT Sea Level Rise
Sea level rise is junk science—models empirically fail
Gupta, Climate Change Research Centre @ University of New South Wales, et al., ’12 (Alexander Sen, "Climate Drift in the CMIP3 Models," Journal of Climate Vol. 25, Issue 13, p. 4621-4640)
As discussed above, drift in temperature and salinity dominates 20C3M trends throughout most of AND temperature and salinity, changes sign once the drift is taken into account.
A2 Resources
Environmental overshoot is impossible- their evidence is just rhetoric
Lomborg ’1 (Associate Statistics Prof – Aarhus, The Skeptical Environmentalist, pp. 30)
Again, the problem with this rhetorical figure is that it only indicates that crashing AND say, gold, silver, mercury and zinc are still here too.
Empirics and studies are conclusive – resource wars don’t happen
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that AND there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters.
The global warming movement as we have known it is dead. Its health had AND the UN has a comprehensive written collection of promised actions, he says."
Climate scientists estimate that global warming of 2C above pre-industrial levels marks the AND developing countries for the first time agreed to curb their greenhouse gas output.
Past tipping point even if they reduced all emissions to zero
Even if all the world’s smokestacks and tailpipes were to suddenly stop spewing CO2, AND not true," said Ms. Solomon, according to the Associated Press.
2NC- BioD Bad: Ecosystem Stability Failing to check biodiversity causes ecosystem collapse – biodiversity inevitably peaks and then implodes
Boulter ’2 ~Michael, professor of paleobiology @ University of East London, Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man, p 67~
We know very little detail of such interactions between environmental biology and cell biology AND to become extinct. Nevertheless, it is inevitable that extinction will occur.
Empiric data concludes neg- diversity undermines ecosystem stability
The Paramecium Studies of N. G. Hairston One of the early experiments to AND , numerous research groups have conducted similar laboratory experiments with the same results.
Biodiversity limits. The original rivet metaphor (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1981) referred to AND a putative cliff that humans will fall off of somewhere down the road.
The ecologist and evolutionary biologist Stuart Pimm, of the University of Tennessee, continued AND food chain. Pimm supported his argument with results from studies of aphids.
Justice Rehnquist’s case is but one example of the symbiosis that ¶ binds the courts AND produce classified documents concerning U.S. covert operations ¶ abroad.260
Justice Samuel Alito is a former captain in the Army Signal Corps, ¶ which AND official ¶ accident report, on grounds of the state secrets privilege.262
It might be thought that these and other similarly inclined judges ¶ who adhere to AND ,¶ submissiveness, not second-guessing, is the appropriate judicial posture.
Court rulings are toothless – enforcement is delayed and merely result in legal limbo
In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme AND present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.
2NC Obama Circumvents
Executive justification overrides the aff
Pushaw 4 Professor of law @ Pepperdine University ~Robert J. Pushaw, Jr., "Defending Deference: A Response to Professors Epstein and Wells," Missouri Law Review, Vol. 69, 2004~
Civil libertarians have urged the Court to exercise the same sort of judicial review over AND instead would force him to shoulder full responsibility. Pg. 968-970
Empirics
Devins 26 Fisher 98 Professor of Law and Government @ College of William and Mary 26 Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers @ Congressional Research Service ~Neal Devins 26 Louis Fisher, "Judicial Exclusivity and Political Instability," Virginia Law Review Vol. 84, No. 1 (Feb. 1998), pp. 83-106~
Lacking the power to appropriate funds or command the military, 73 the Court understands AND "political system ostensibly based on consent."98 pg. 93-98
Backlash ensures decision fails
Vladeck 11 Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship @ American University ~Stephen I. Vladeck, "Why Klein (Still) Matters: Congressional Deception and the War on Terrorism," Journal of National Security Law, Volume 5, 6/16/2011, 9:38 AM
Six weeks later, Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act, which included a series AND function in the manner they deem appropriate."56 pg. 257-259
K
AT Owen 2 – Ontology Not 1st
Owen concludes ontological interrogations come before the politics of the aff
Owen 2 David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3
The first dimension concerns the relationship between positivist IR theory and postmodernist IR ’theory’ AND Shapiro and Rob Walker is to prevent us from becoming too readily bewitched.
AT Extinction Outweighs
Kritik turns and outweighs the case —-
3 - Structural violence locks in social and environmental tension—-culminates in extinction and makes war inevitable
It’ s a common place that human society can survive and develop only in a AND mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.
AT Security Good
Framing global warming in apocalyptic turns causes elite takeover and diminishes agency, exacerbating the problem. Spaces like debate are critical to examining the discourse used to motivate action against global warming - what happens here matters more than the potential for the plan. Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Along with supporting diverse sites of human agency, rhetors may want to avoid the AND narrative from an apocalyptic tragedy to a more comic telos for humanity.
We have the only relevant study on the issue - their evidence will be speculative at best. Fear appeals decrease individual engagement with global warming and result in passive nihilism. The 1AC starting point makes effective solutions to global warming impossible - we must begin with individual agency. O’Neill and Nicholson-Cole 2009 (Saffron O’Neill is a tutor at the University of East Anglia, and a research fellow with the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Sophie Nicholson-Cole is a senior research associate in the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. "Fear Won’t Do It" Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations) This article presents the integrated findings from two empirical, multimethod studies, both carried AND climate change. Table 1 displays the methods used in the two studies. ~CONTINUES~ Participants in the focus groups disagreed strongly with using fear as a communications tool, AND no marked differences between groups or even clusters of individuals representing certain viewpoints.
2NC Link Wall
Their no war claims ignore the duality of internal and external conflict. They pave over the global civil war which is the modern condition making global structural violence inevitable. Evans and Hardt 2010 (Brad Evans is lecturer in the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Leeds, Michael Hardt is Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. "Barbarians to Savages: Liberal War Inside and Out" Theory and Event) Hardt: The notion of a global civil war starts from the question of sovereignty. Traditionally war is conceived (in the field of international relations, for instance, or in international law) as armed conflict between two sovereign powers whereas civil war designates conflict within a single territory in which one or both of the parties is not sovereign. War designates, in other words, a conflict in some sense external to the structures of sovereignty and civil war a conflict internal to them. It is clear that few if any of the instances of armed conflict around the world today fit the classic model of war between sovereign states. And perhaps even the great conflicts of the cold war, from Korea and Vietnam to countries throughout Latin America, already undermined the distinction, draping the conflict between sovereign states in the guise of local civil wars. Toni Negri and I thus claimed that in our era there is no more war but only civil wars or, really, a global civil war. It is probably more precise to say instead that the distinction between war and civil war has been undermined, in the same way that one might say, in more metaphorical terms, not that there is no more outside but rather that the division between inside and outside has been eroded. This claim is also widely recognized, it seems to me, among military and security theorists. The change from the framework of war to that of civil war, for instance, corresponds closely to thinking of armed conflicts as not military campaigns but police actions, and thus a shift from the external to the internal use of force. The general rhetorical move from war to security marks in more general terms a similar shift. The security mantra that you cite – "war by other means" – also indicates how the confusion between inside and outside implies the mixture of a series of fields that are traditionally separate: war and politics, for example, but also killing and generating forms of social life. This opens a complicated question about the ways in which contemporary military actions have become biopolitical and what that conception helps us understand about them. Rather than pursuing that biopolitical question directly, though, I want first to understand better how the shift in the relationship between war and sovereignty that Toni and I propose relates to your notion of liberal and humanitarian war. In a war conventionally conceived, it is sufficient for the two sovereign powers to justify their actions primarily on the basis of national interest as long as they remain within the confines of international law. Whereas those inside , in other words, are at least in principle privilege to the liberal framework of rights and representation, those outside are not. When the relationship of sovereignty shifts, however, and the distinction between inside and outside erodes, then there are no such limits of the liberal ideological and political structures. This might be a way of understanding why contemporary military actions have to be justified in terms of discourses of human rights and liberal values. And this might be related, in turn, to what many political theorists analyze as the decline of liberal values in the US political sphere at the hands of neoliberal and neoconservative logics.1-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v013/13.3.evans.html In other words, perhaps when the division declines between the inside and outside of sovereignty, on the one hand, the liberal logic must be deployed (however inadequately) to justify the use of violence over what was the outside while, on the other, liberal logics are increasingly diluted or suppressed in what was the inside.
Soft power is code for war by other means. Soft power is preemption par excellance: manipulating the existing conditions to prepare for the indeterminate catastrophe on the horizon. The aff does not prevent war, it only ensures the US will strike harder when catastrophe comes.
Massumi 2010 (Brian, "Perception Attack: Brief on War and Time", Theory and Event) Soft power is how you act militarily in waiting, when you are not yet tangibly acting. It is a way of preventing the wait itself from being an attrition, or even a way of turning it to advantage. In the condition of nonbattle, when you have nothing on which to act tangibly, there is still one thing you can do: act on that condition. Act to change the conditions in which you wait. After all, it from these same conditions that any action to come will have emerged. By acting on the wait-time conditions in the intervals between boilings-over, you may well be able to reduce the potential of an eventual attack, moderate its powers of attrition if it comes, or even better induce it to take tangible shape when and where you are ready for it. That way you have a chance of disabling it before it reaches its full magnitude, or even in the case where it bursts forth at full strength, you can be reasonably confident that you will be able to respond to it with rapid and overwhelming counter-force. Thus you take as your military field of operation the environmental conditions in which both combatants and the noncombatant population lives: what Ullman and Wade call the "total situation." The only way to act on the total situation is to act on the conditions of emergence of the battle, prior to its occurrence. These conditions concern threats which in the parlance of the doctrine of preemption, which has come to define the present era of conflict as integrally as deterrence did the Cold War, are "not yet fully formed."13-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v013/13.3.massumi.html What is not yet fully formed is still in potential. It may already be on the horizon, brewing like a recipe for disaster, or ominously looming like an unclear, almost-present threat. It carries an irreducible degree of indeterminacy. That measure of indeterminacy makes it as intangible as it is ominous. It’s a tall order: you must act "totally" on the intangibles of the situation. The ultimate boundary blurred is that: between the tangible and the intangible, the corporeal and the incorporeal. Because to act on the former you have to act on the latter. There are two ways to act totally and intangibly on a situation. The first is by transposing your action from the spatial axis of the battle, siege or occupation to come, onto a time axis. You operate in and on the interval in which what is not yet fully formed is already imperceptibly brewing. You can act on that almost-present in order to influence the active form of its next-awaited emergence. Preemption is proaction: action on the conditions of action, prior to its actually taking shape. The second way to act totally and intangibly on a situation is to act on perception. It is perception which prepares a body for action and reaction. By modulating perception, you can already modulate subsequent action-reaction. This in fact makes perception a royal road to the almost-present. The two ways of acting intangibly with a view to the total situation are convergent.
Carbon colonialism - the global climate regime relies on an imperialist epistemology. Carbon management that standardizes life and the natural world under inaccessible and domineering institutions.
Paterson and Stripple 7 *Matthew Paterson Poli Sci @ Ottawa and Johannes Stripple, PhD Poli Sci Lund (Sweden) ~The Social Construction of Climate Change ed. Mary Pettenger p. 162-163~
While it is easy to conceive of the sink issue as being produced by the AND and as the establishment of an epistemological empire of carbon management and control.
The search for a perfect environmental policy is impossible — no one shot policy can possibly change the internal motivations that create global warming. The affirmative’s call for environmental protection condemns us to a state of constant war – imposing total consensus and eliminating dissent.
Ulrich Beck, Sociology @ Munich, ’97 (The Reinvention of Politics p. 90-3) hhs-ndupont
`I have come to believe that we must take a bold and unequivocal action AND the freedom and doubt of modernity, is so elementally important and urgent.
Global dominance is a paranoid fantasy—the most powerful nation sees threats everywhere, legitimizing constant war.
McClintock 9 Chaired prof of English and Women’s and Gender Studies at UW–Madison. MPhil from Cambridge; PhD from Columbia (Anne, Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib, Small Axe Mar2009, Issue 28, p50-74)
By now it is fair to say that the United States has come to be AND "a catastrophic and catalyzing event—like a new Pearl Harbor." 12
Their argument about the improbability of great power war implicitly endorses the structure of deterrence – this is equivalent to constant deterrence and inevitably causes extinction
Lichterman, 2009 (Andrew, Program director of the western States Legal Foundation, "Deterrence, torture, Power," April 7, http://disarmamentactivist.org/2009/04/07/deterrence-torture-power/) And even the central–and continuing–confrontation among nuclear-armed states is misrepresented in an increasingly dangerous and contradictory kind of circular reasoning unconsciously engaged in even by many advocates of nuclear disarmament. The possibility of wars among the most powerful states–the kind of wars that in modern times have been precipitated by the kind of broad, complex, economic and political crisis that we face again today–are treated as extremely unlikely, largely because most policy experts believe at some level that "deterrence works." And yet we have not faced a moment in which the fundamental drivers of conflict among the most powerful states have been present–competition over key resources, intensifying political tension within states over wealth distribution, and general collapse of a prevailing "normal" order of international economic and political relationships–since before the dawn of the nuclear age. Wars among "great powers" are presumed to be largely obsolete–but this assumption is due in large part to a belief in deterrence rooted in the particular geopolitical conditions and experience of a Cold War nuclear confrontation rooted largely in ideology and the existence of the weapons themselves. The dangers presented by thousands of nuclear weapons in the hands of "great powers" thus are implicitly discounted, and most in the "arms control and disarmament community" remain comfortable talking about plans for nuclear disarmament in which truly meaningful progress–reduction to global nuclear weapons numbers below civilization-destroying numbers–is largely aspirational, a hazy distant goal many years, or even decades, in the future. The result is that dominant opinion among experts and political leaders generates policy debate that viewed with even a smidgen of historical perspective appears increasingly absurd–and absurdly dangerous. President Obama’s White House web site tells us that "the gravest danger to the American people is the threat of a terrorist attack with a nuclear weapon and the spread of nuclear weapons to dangerous regimes." White House Web Site, “The Agenda: Foreign Policy,” accessed March 25, 2009-http://www.whitehouse.gov/agenda/foreign_policy. In this view, nuclear weapons that don’t yet exist are more dangerous then the thousands that already are in the hands of elites who today face growing threats to their hold on power–concrete social conflicts that also are euphemized myriad ways, from "global instability" to "populist anger" –unseen for a generation. The hand that controls nuclear weapons is no different from the hand the tortures. The hood of the torturer and of those who threaten us all with death by nuclear annihilation must be removed, their true faces revealed. The legal historian Robert Cover wrote that "The torturer and victim do end up creating their own terrible ’world,’ but this world derives its meaning from being imposed upon the ashes of another. The logic of that world is complete domination, though the objective may never be realized." Robert Cover, "Violence and the Word," (1986) 95 Yale L.J. 1601,1603 The practice of constant-nuclear-weapons-threat carries this logic to its existential, its apocalyptic, limit, a world in which those who strive to wield absolute power impose their will by threatening to reduce the world of all who stand in their way to literal, rather than metaphorical, ashes. This will to absolute power is the abiding purpose of those who wield both torture and nuclear weapons. Both torture and nuclear threat are intended to emphasize through terror that transcends all reason that the victim–or potential victim–is utterly vulnerable, and that the hand that wields the power of ultimate violence is not, is invulnerable, all powerful. The intention–and the effect–is to sustain a world in which most are powerless but some hold great power, most are poor but a few hold great wealth, most are vulnerable but a few can at least convince themselves that for the duration of their time here on earth they are not. It is a story that those who wield this power tell us is as old as human history–implying as well that it will be with us always, that it is our inescapable fate. Insisting upon the eternal presence of boundless violence in that way only obscures the immense scale and reach of the particular horrors of our chosen modernity. "But even if things have always been so," Theodor Adorno observed, "although neither Timur nor Genghis Khan nor the English colonial administration in India systematically burst the lungs of millions of people with gas, the eternity of horror nevertheless manifests itself in the fact that each of its forms outdoes the old." Adorno concludes that "He who relinquishes awareness of the growth of horror not merely succumbs to cold-hearted contemplation but fails to perceive, together with the specific difference between the newest and that preceding it, the true identity of the whole, of terror without end." Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life, E.F.N. Jephcott, trans. (London: NLB, 1974) pp.234-235. Adorno wrote in the wake of a cataclysmic global war, with the age of nuclear weapons just beginning, and a world of constant-nuclear-threat still in the future. What has become clear is that humanity can not long survive a global order of things in which "terror without end" lies at the center of power, with those who rule most of us in most places still deploying limitless violence to keep things as they are. The conditions for another global cataclysm are quickening. Our technologies have brought us to the point where we can destroy ourselves and much of the chain of life that sustains us either quickly with nuclear weapons, or slowly simply by staying on the course that those in power insist upon, and insist on "defending" with a spectrum of violence that extends from the midnight knock on the door through the torture chambers to the incineration of cities, lands, and peoples. Even Martin Luther King’s call for "nonviolence or nonexistence" no longer is enough, now it also must be democracy or nonexistence, a full and final recognition of our collective vulnerability and our interdependence, one world, with every voice heard equally, or none.
AT Perm – Do Both
A – Legitimizing violence - the plan puts a legitimate face on an illegitimate action. It doesn’t constrain what we find unacceptable but rather deflates public and international pressure against us that says our action is wrong on intro of forces, and instead of banning or rethinking we just shift the authority to someone who we believe is MORE responsible but who is actually already in the service of the executive
Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?" Cardozo Law Review 27)
Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by AND of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.
C – Vague legal language of the 1AC –
Hostility NEPA restrictions
Those internal contradictions means the perm inevitably fails
Sjoberg 13 Laura Sjoberg 13, Department of Political Science, University of Florida , Gainesville The paradox of security cosmopolitanism?, Critical Studies on Security, 1:1, 29-34
Particularly, Burke suggests that security cosmopolitanism ’rejects a procedural faith in strongly post AND , as it seductively appears to solve a problem it does not solve.
3 – Legalism is not neutral - their kneejerk jump to it crowds out critical examination of state power because it focuses on legitimating the system, rather than fixing it
Knox 12 Robert Knox, PhD Candidate, London School of Economics and Political Science.2012, paper presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the Toronto Group for the Study of International, Transnational and Comparative Law and the Towards a Radical International Law workshop, "Strategy and Tactics,"
this warning is of great relevance to the type of ’strategic’ interventions advocated by AND too does ’strategic’ liberal legalism collapse into plain old liberal legalism.53
4 - The perm interrupts this process of the alternative with a normative demand that obscures legal structures and jacks solvency
Schlag 90 (Pierre, "Normative and Nowhere to Go", Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Nov., 1990), pp. 167-191, dml)
But then again, that is precisely one of my points. And there is AND a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.32
First, the capacity of our political system to generate meaningful checks on the national AND both the quantity of constraint and the downstream distributive effects of executive initiatives. CONCLUSION The general tenor of The Executive Unbound is optimistic. Increased presidential authority is a AND . Inevitable or not, this to me hardly seems cause for celebration.
No offense - the Trumanite bureaucracy is collapsing under its own contradictions which solves the aff
The aim of this Article thus far has been to explain the continuity in ¶ AND act against perceived authoritarian tendencies by leaving open the vault of ¶ secrecy.
Security rhetoric ensures circumvention
Vermeule 6 Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006, "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POSTSEPTEMBER¶ 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF?DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law¶ Review, Nov., pp. LN.
A statute could, in principle, perform such constitutional functions by aligning the various AND as well as¶ the other framework statutes governing executive action in emergencies."
AT Democracy Checks
~Dickinson is wrong~ - Liberalism is incapable of checking the worst excesses of biopolitics
Dean ’1 (Mitchell, Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, 2001, "Demonic Societies: Liberalism, biopolitics, and sovereignty." Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State, ed. Hanson and Stepputat, p. 50-1)
Finally, although liberalism may try to make safe the biopolitical imperative of the optimization AND struggle and may even be the means of the consolidation of those effects.
AT Alt No Solve
2 - Cole’s argument is explicitly that statutory and judicial restrictions fail, only civil society can solve
Cole ’12 David COLE Law @ Georgetown ’12 "The Politics of the Rule of Law: The Role of Civil Society in the Surprising Resilience of Human Rights in the Decade after 9/11" http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/files/Cole201.12.12.pdf p. 51-53
Equally¶ surprising is that the¶ principal¶ mechanism for imposing these restraints was AND ¶ organizing ¶ than as a formal¶ legal constraint on executive power. In ¶ the ¶ first post¶ -¶ 9/11 ¶ decade¶ AND with respect to human rights and ¶ the rule ¶ of law. ¶
AT Political Costs
Political costs are exaggerated – this card will smoke them
Schauer, Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia, 12 (Frederick, "ARTICLE: THE POLITICAL RISKS (IF ANY) OF BREAKING THE LAW," 4 J. of Legal Analysis 83, lexis)
Consider, for example, the legality of American involvement in Libya. Factually, AND no negative political consequences for anyone (Bar-Simon-Tov 2010).
3/28/14
UMKC - Doubles v UT
Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: UT ST | Judge: Samuels, Lucas-bolin, Smelko 1NC T
Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area Restriction means prohibition Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit full authority in the area of targeted killings – Obama is free to launch an infinite number of targeted killings as long as he tells congress why he is going to – the plan does not say congress must approve the killings or that they have veto power. Standards: Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless “conditions” that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves Wilson Center No Date (War Powers Proposal Gives the President Even More Authority, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/war-powers-proposal-gives-the-president-even-more-authority) A privately organized Commission on War Powers recommended last week that the 1973 War Powers AND in Congress, behind closed doors and shielded by classified briefings and documents.
But then the entire question on whether to engage in Syria is unsettling for many AND Splits in major political parties are uncommon, but it has happened before. Plan is a win for the Tea Party Metzler 13 Rebekah Metzler 13 is a political writer for U.S. News and World Report. “Marco Rubio, Rand Paul Strike Out to Re-Brand Their Party: Fresh takes on foreign, domestic policies aim to shake up GOP,” February 6, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/02/06/marco-rubio-rand-paul-strike-out-to-re-brand-their-party, DOA: 8-1-13, y2k
Paul, delivering a foreign policy speech at the conservative Heritage Foundation Wednesday, struck AND questions the bipartisan consensus is immediately castigated, rebuked and their patriotism challenged." Tea Party wins snowball --- saves their influence in Congress Cillizza 12 (Chris Cillizza, December 4, 2012, “Is the tea party dead? Or just resting?,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/04/whither-the-tea-party/)
And Jon Lerner, a Republican consultant who works closely with the Club For Growth AND coming legislative fights in Congress could lead to a renaissance in the movement. Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises Montgomery 11 (Lori, "House Republicans divided on spending cuts; for some, it's $100 billion or bust," Feb 11, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/10/AR2011021007091.html)
An already wobbly week for House Republicans turned chaotic Thursday as their unruly new majority AND criticized GOP leaders for their first offer to cut spending and demanded more. Destroys the economy --- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating Brown 13 (Abram, 1/4, "GOP's Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy," www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)
That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in AND , though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different. Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts Burrows and Harris 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics AND and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶ CIR Immigration reform has been delayed but will pass later this year – the aff pushes it off the agenda and into 2014 which derails the deal Shear and Preston 9-8 (*MICHAEL D. SHEAR, a White House correspondent for The New York Times, JULIA PRESTON, member of The New York Times team that won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for reporting on international affairs, became a national correspondent covering immigration for The Times in April 2006.“Immigration Reform Falls to the Back of the Line” September 8, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/us/politics/immigration-reform-falls-to-the-back-of-the-line.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, KB)
Congress is likely to postpone consideration of an immigration overhaul until the end of the AND get this done when the pressure is so great they have to act.” The plan is unpopular Zengerle and Spetalnick 13 (Patricia Zengerle and Matt Spetalnick, “Obama wants to end 'war on terror' but Congress balks” May 24, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-usa-obama-speech-idUSBRE94M04Y20130524, KB)
President Barack Obama wants to roll back some of the most controversial aspects of the AND Republicans warned against being too quick to declare al Qaeda a spent force. Immigration reform key to biotech innovation Scullion ’13 (Christine, “Manufacturers Take the Lead In STEM Education”, January 8, http://www.shopfloor.org/2013/01/manufacturers-take-the-lead-in-stem-education/27254, CMR)
The U.S. the leading producer of cutting-edge products such as AND the right time will ensure that the US remains a global innovation leader. The impact is bioterror Chyba 4 Co-Director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford Institute for International Studies, and an Associate Professor at Stanford University Christopher and Alex Greninger, “Biotechnology and Bioterrorism: An Unprecedented World” Survival, 46:2, Summer 2004
In the absence of a comprehensive and effective system of global review of potential high AND dramatic results through biological programmes and would choose to direct their efforts elsewhere.
Extinction Steinbruner 97 John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac
Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons AND for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.
K Fiat double bind – Either the harms to the 1AC are true and they cannot solve for extinction before they control the levers of power OR their harms are constructed for the purpose of alarmism which makes them symbolic terrorists. Apocalyptic predictions make serial policy failure inevitable Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight”, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf
Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political AND well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice.
The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan. If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” Alternatives 33 (2008), 211-232) The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to "calculate AND prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.
The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; "The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginary", Rhetoric and Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010) Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy AND security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.
CP The United States Congress should establish a policy trial process regarding whether the United States Congress should statutorily require the President to release the United States Department of Justice memoranda outlining the legal basis and justification for drone strikes in the area of targeted killing. The result of the policy trial should be unconditionally implemented and enforced by the United States Congress. The trial solves the aff Noone 12 (Gregory Noone, Director of the Fairmont State University National ¶ Security and Intelligence Program and an Assistant Professor of ¶ Political Science and Law, “The War Powers Resolution and Public Opinion” Volume 45 Fall 2012 Issues 1 and 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.8.Article.Noone.pdf, KB)
IV. The Public Wants Congress to Approve¶ “Do you think the president AND 2008 indicate the desire for ¶ congressional approval remains strong with few exceptions. The CP is more rigorous and avoids politics Buchanan, ’13 (Bruce, Professor in Government at the University of Texas at Austin, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, p. 114-115, RSR)
Finally and most importantly, invoking the procedure signals the American people that something rare AND protect members of Congress, most of whom will follow the public lead. Drone Prolif 1NC Drone Prolif Inevitable Drone arms race inevitable USA Today 13 (1/9, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/08/experts-drones-basis-for-new-global-arms-race/1819091/, “Experts: Drones basis for new global arms race”, AB)
The success of U.S. drones in Iraq and Afghanistan has triggered a AND used to target terrorist leaders with missiles that are fired from miles away. 1NC No Modeling Drone prolif now AND US restrictions don’t solve Anderson 10 (Kenneth Anderson is a law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, April 10th 2010, “Acquiring UAV Technology”, http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/09/acquiring-uav-technology/, AB)
I’ve noticed a number of posts and comments around the blogosphere on the spread of AND for many other reasons for many other parties, all on their own.
1NC No Meltdown Impact No impact to meltdowns – plant explosion is impossible. Morris, 2K PhD in Science Education and retired Environmental Consultant, 2k (Robert, The Environmental Case for Nuclear Power, 2000, pg 16-7)
In the 1970s, a number of anti-nuclear power organizations spread the idea AND Western European nations. (More about Chernobyl appears in a later chapter.) 1NC No Armenia-Azerbaijan War No Armenia-Azerbaijan war- lack of money and capability
Though simmering hostilities have continued, there are two reasons the conflict has remained frozen. First, beginning in the mid-1990s, neither Armenia nor Azerbaijan had the resources to continue fighting. Armenia’s economy was, and is, non-existent for the most part. Without the financial means, it would be impossible for Armenia to launch a full-scale war. At the same time, Azerbaijan’s military has been too weak, thus far, to assert control over the occupied lands.
1NC No Middle East War No middle east escalation Fettweis 7 Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, 7 (Christopher, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98)
Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni- AND cooperation to address that common interest is far more likely than outright warfare. Middle East conflict won’t escalate – local conflicts do not spillover Cook, Takeyh, and Maloney 7 Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in AND its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East. Heg 1NC AT Alliances Alliances don’t solve anything – Gulf War proves that countries will hate us no matter what. Krauthammer, ‘3 (Charles, The National Interest, Winter 2002/2003)
A third critique comes from what might be called pragmatic realists, who see the AND the international system, not by the details of our management of it. 1NC Alt Causes Wiretapping tanks soft power Arkedis 2013 (Jim Arkedis, Senior Fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute and was a DOD counter-terrorism analyst, “PRISM Is Bad for American Soft Power”, Jun 19 2013, The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/prism-is-bad-for-american-soft-power/277015/)
The lack of public debate, shifting attitudes towards civil liberties, insufficient disclosure, AND terrorists, it's more likely than not that they will question Washington's motives. 1NC No Soft Power Impact Soft power is a false concept—only wealth and power affect influence Doctorow 2013 (Gilbert, Research Fellow of the American University in Moscow, May 20, "Soft power is largely an American PR gimmick", http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_05_20/Soft-power-is-largely-an-American-PR-gimmick/)
There is not much in all of this for the Kremlin to use in furtherance AND China can do to further their soft power is to get richer quick.
1NC No Heg Impact Hegemony isn’t key to peace Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone. Heg is unsustainable Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas AandM's George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service. "Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana". The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n5422359 China's economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States' over the last AND with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue. Terrorism 1NC Solve Terror Drones are effective- eliminate important terrorist human capital and prevent communication and training Byman 2013 (Daniel L., Research Director of Saban Center for Middle East Policy, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)
The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According AND forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders. 1NC Strikes Low Drone strikes are less utilized in the status quo, and are killing record low levels of civilians Cahall 13 (Bailey, research associate with the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, July 2nd 2013, New report says CIA drone strikes in Pakistan at an all-time low, afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/02/report_cia_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_at_all_time_low A new report released by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism on Monday notes that the AND sharply falling civilian casualty rate for the past year on CNN.com. 1NC AT Recruitment Overall levels of violence may increase, but the effectiveness and impact of those attacks goes way down. Prefer our comparative evidence here—violence has to be evaluated in terms of frequency and magnitude. Wilner 10 (Alex S. Wilner, Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Targeted Killings in Afghanistan: Measuring Coercion and Deterrence in Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33 No. 4, 09 Mar 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576100903582543)
Generally, overall violence increased following the targeted eliminations (Figure 2). This was AND and off-duty police commanders, rather than hardened, military actors. 1NC No Terror No threat – weak leadership and no recent attacks Zenko and Cohen 12 *Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety
NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major AND the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies. No chance of a terrorist attack Mueller 8-2 IR prof at Ohio State. PhD in pol sci from UCLA (2 August 2011, John, The Truth about Al Qaeda, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show)
As a misguided Turkish proverb holds, "If your enemy be an ant, AND Some reports suggest they've also been looking at quite a bit of pornography. Solvency 1NC Squo Solves Squo solves drone strikes justified – leaking of white paper Garrison ‘13 (Dr. Arthur H. Garrison, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Kutztown University. Dr. Garrison received a B.A. from Kutztown University, M.S. from West Chester University, and a Doctorate of Law and Policy from Northeastern University. “ARTICLE: THE HISTORY OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGAL OPINIONS ON THE POWER OF THE PRESIDENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF FROM WASHINGTON TO OBAMA” 2012 - 2013¶ Cumberland Law Review¶ 43 Cumb. L. Rev. 375 Lexis, TSW)
Admitting that Due Process requires some level of oversight n417 General Holder explained that with AND in-Chief power in the implementation of war prior to congressional approval. 1NC Obama Ignores Obama refuses to release the memo due to classified information – even with congressional pressure Hirsh and Roberts 13 MICHAEL HIRSH, chief correspondent for National Journal AND KRISTIN ROBERTS, news editor for National Journal., Why the Drone Memos Are Still Secret, FEB 22 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/02/why-the-drone-memos-are-still-secret/273436/#SPS
Despite President Obama's pledge in his State of the Union address to make the drone AND would almost certainly leak to the public if they were shared with Congress. 1NC Secrecy CIA keeps drone info secret and courts won’t enforce – signature strikes prove Marsden 13 (William, journalist, The Montreal Gazette, 2/2/2013, “Drone warfare comes under increasing attack; Controversial U.S. program cloaked in frayed veil of secrecy,” Lexis, accessed 7/6/2013, BS)
Both for political reasons and because of the questionable legality of it, the U AND reason is it gets into a lot of sort of international legal problems."
2NC DA 2NC Overview Disad turns and outweighs the aff – bioterror causes extinction – pathogens rapidly reproduce and intensify which spreads – that’s Steinbrunner - CIR boosts the biotech industry which allows us to develop counter-response measures which deters and solves the impact to an attack – that’s Chyba and Scullion That comparatively outweighs case Singer 1 Clifford Singer, Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign. “Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?” The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 13.1, http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/ research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_ XIII/Singer.htm Published Spring 2001
In recent years the fear of the apocalypse (or religious hope for it AND connected human family may be in question when and if this is achieved. DA turns the aff – in the event of a crisis (IE the DA impact) Congress would give Obama unfettered authority to respond
Defense Counterforce targeting checks their impact Mueller, ‘9 Professor Political Science Ohio State U¶ (John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies and Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. “Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda” p. 8)
To begin to approach a condition that can credibly justify applying such extreme characterizations as AND wind, weather, and sheltering, would perish during the first month. No great power wars Ikenberry 9 *Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins AND Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Jan/Feb, 2009, Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs
This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge. AT No Pass - Syria Syria doesn’t doom passage - immigration is on the backburner but passage is still possible Lee 9-9 (ESTHER YU-HSI LEE, immigration Reporter/Blogger for ThinkProgress, “House Republicans Stall On Immigration Reform, Blaming Other Priorities” SEPTEMBER 9, 2013, http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/09/09/2588011/immigration-reform-burner/, KB)
August recess is over and Congressional leaders have their hands full with an agenda that AND . Passing immigration reform is not only popular, it is fiscally prudent. 2NC Will Pass Immigration reform will pass – that’s Shear and Preston – support groups are gaining momentum and will pressure Boehner to bring it to a vote in October – they are outpacing opposition The support exists – House republicans came out in favor of including legalization during the recess Immigration will pass in the fall – massive push Davis 9-8 (Susan Davis, reporter for USA today, “Congress returns with long to-do list, short timetable” September 8, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/09/08/congress-syria-fall-agenda-debt-shutdown-immigration/2777765/, KB)
Cantor said the House may consider legislation aimed at addressing immigration concerns this fall, AND our fundamentals are stronger than their (Congress') dysfunction," he said. Timing is goldilocks Matthews 13 (Laura Matthews, International Business Times, September 06 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-house-dems-sell-overhaul-bill-deficit-reduction-1403139, “2013 Immigration Reform: House Dems To Sell Overhaul Bill As Deficit Reduction”, AB)
With members of Congress back from summer recess, and the Syrian crisis eclipsing most AND John McCain's presidential campaign in 2008. "There is safety in numbers." 2NC Link Plan creates congressional fights – Zengerle and Spetalnick evidence says that the republicans would backlash because Obama would be seen as weak on the war on terror Link outweighs the turns – pro-drones sentiment stronger than the opposition. Peter Weber 2/6/13, http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes
It's interesting to watch conservatives show (or at least feign) outrage over a AND what's being done by the administration. No More Mister Nice Blog
A recent essay published in Forbes magazine supports the contention that the United States remains AND develop countermeasures, but small firms have filled the gap with mixed success.
Yes Extinction It will cause extinction – their ev is outdated Sandberg 8 Anders Sandberg et al., James Martin Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, "How Can We Reduce the Risk of Human Extinction?" BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, 9-9-08, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction, accessed 5-2-10.
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones. AND may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.
Drone Prolif 2NC No Modeling
Aff doesn’t solve prolif - nations are developing drones now which should have triggered their impacts EVEN IF they create a model to limit the SPREAD of tech, our Anderson evidence indicates that countries have such high political incentives to use drone tech that nothing the US does will affect the use of them Zero chance of precedent setting – other countries don’t act based on the United States policy Wright 12 (Robert Wright, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, former writer and editor at The Atlantic, “The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocate” NOV 14 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/, KB)
Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised AND So I wouldn't worry too much about the so called precedent it sets..." 2NC Drone Prolif Inevitable New technology makes drone proliferation by state and non-state actors inevitable Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html, da 8-2-13) PC
Obama administration officials have said they are weighing various options to codify the use of AND have to first stop science, and then business, and then war." AT Lendman
Disregard Lendman - he thinks the illuminati are in a war to end the world Lendman Your Meltodwn author ’11 Stephen, “Media Manipulation of 9/11 Truth,”
9/11 was an inside job. It was planned by the Illuminist shadow AND destruction of Christianity and atheism, both conquered and exterminated at the same time Impact is inevitable- their author Lendman 11 – Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization (Stephen, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan)
Further, the combined effects of allowable radiation exposure, uranium mining, milling operations AND , that if serious enough can cause enormous, possibly catastrophic, harm. 2NC No Armenia-Azerbaijan War
The involvement of Turkey and Russia is the main cause of deterrence that is holding AND instability to become exacerbated to the extent of an open conflict or war. 2NC No War/Esc No Middle East escalation – our Feittweis evidence indicates that there is little cross-border warfare, civil war tensions have decreased, and regimes fear instability – cooperation is more likely than conflict Middle East conflict won’t escalate – local conflicts do not spillover Cook, Takeyh, and Maloney 7 Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in AND its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.
Heg Terrorism Aff No Solve Just about strikes in general -
Stanford 12 (Stanford and NYU Law, International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic of Stanford Law School and the Global Justice Clinic of the NYU Law School, September 2012, “Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan” http://www.livingunderdrones.org/report/)
The central justification for US drone strikes is that they are necessary to make the AND , erode the rule of law, and facilitate recourse to lethal force. A significant rethinking of current policies, in light of all available evidence, the concerns of various stakeholders, and short and long-term costs and benefits, is long overdue. 2NC Solve Terror Transparency guts drone effectiveness Alston ‘11 Philip Alston , John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders.” 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283 ETB
There is thus compelling evidence that both applicable bodies of law require transparency and accountability AND will thus be certain limits as to how much transparency can be required.
1NC AT Recruitment Overall levels of violence may increase, but the effectiveness and impact of those attacks goes way down. Prefer our comparative evidence here—violence has to be evaluated in terms of frequency and magnitude. Wilner 10 (Alex S. Wilner, Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Targeted Killings in Afghanistan: Measuring Coercion and Deterrence in Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33 No. 4, 09 Mar 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576100903582543)
Generally, overall violence increased following the targeted eliminations (Figure 2). This was AND and off-duty police commanders, rather than hardened, military actors. 1NC No Terror No threat – weak leadership and no recent attacks Zenko and Cohen 12 *Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety
NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major AND the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies. Solvency 1NC Obama Ignores Obama refuses to release the memo due to classified information – even with congressional pressure Hirsh and Roberts 13 MICHAEL HIRSH, chief correspondent for National Journal AND KRISTIN ROBERTS, news editor for National Journal., Why the Drone Memos Are Still Secret, FEB 22 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/02/why-the-drone-memos-are-still-secret/273436/#SPS
Despite President Obama's pledge in his State of the Union address to make the drone AND would almost certainly leak to the public if they were shared with Congress.
1NR A/T Policy Education
Our criticism proves the plan is a bad idea. The modern liberal state utilizes the threat of nuclear weapons to justify invasion in the interim to prevent catastrophe. Their representations are more likely to lead to preemption than passivity. Massumi 07 (Brian, Communication Department of the Université de Montréal , “Potential Politics and the Primacy of Preemption”)
Fear is always a good reason to go politically conditional. Fear is the palpable AND and going kinetic was "contained" to the status of local anomaly.
Link The rhetoric of the 1AC turns the case – ensures overstretch, blowback, and rollback of the plan Rana 2011 (Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law @ Cornell. “Responses to the Ten Questions.” William Mitchell Law Review, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099)
Many of today's defenders of this national security constitution-imagined by Herring and given AND on the successful projection of power into the internal affairs of foreign states.
A2 Impact Turn
This worst case storytelling causes social paralysis and serial policy failure. Furedi 10 – Professor of sociology at the University of Kent, Frank, “This shutdown is about more than volcanic ash”, Spiked, 4/19, http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/8607/ Whatever the risks posed by the eruption of a volcano in Iceland, it seems AND reluctance to engage with uncertainty that represents the real threat to our future.
9/17/13
UMKC - Round 8 v USC
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: USC | Judge: Manuel 1NC CIR Immigration reform has been delayed but will pass later this year – the aff pushes it off the agenda and into 2014 which derails the deal Shear and Preston 9-8 (*MICHAEL D. SHEAR, a White House correspondent for The New York Times, JULIA PRESTON, member of The New York Times team that won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for reporting on international affairs, became a national correspondent covering immigration for The Times in April 2006.“Immigration Reform Falls to the Back of the Line” September 8, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/us/politics/immigration-reform-falls-to-the-back-of-the-line.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, KB)
Congress is likely to postpone consideration of an immigration overhaul until the end of the AND get this done when the pressure is so great they have to act.” The plan is unpopular Zengerle and Spetalnick 13 (Patricia Zengerle and Matt Spetalnick, “Obama wants to end 'war on terror' but Congress balks” May 24, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-usa-obama-speech-idUSBRE94M04Y20130524, KB)
President Barack Obama wants to roll back some of the most controversial aspects of the AND Republicans warned against being too quick to declare al Qaeda a spent force. Current immigration law endangers all innovation – reform is key McCraw 12 McCraw, professor emeritus at Harvard Business School, 11/1/2012¶ (Thomas, “Innovative Immigrants,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/opinion/immigrants-as-entrepreneurs.html?pagewanted=all)
SOME 70 million immigrants have come to America since the first colonists arrived. The AND endangers our tradition of entrepreneurship, and it must be repaired — soon. Positive feedbacks ensure runaway warming, causes extinction Speth 2008 James, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Currently he serves the school as the Carl W. Knobloch, Jr. Dean and Sara Shallenberger Brown Professor in the Practice of Environmental Policy, The Bridge @ the Edge of the World, pg. 26
The possibility of abrupt climate change is linked to what may be the most problematic AND and the trip will exterminate a large fraction of species on the planet.
But then the entire question on whether to engage in Syria is unsettling for many AND Splits in major political parties are uncommon, but it has happened before. Plan is a win for the Tea Party Metzler 13 Rebekah Metzler 13 is a political writer for U.S. News and World Report. “Marco Rubio, Rand Paul Strike Out to Re-Brand Their Party: Fresh takes on foreign, domestic policies aim to shake up GOP,” February 6, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/02/06/marco-rubio-rand-paul-strike-out-to-re-brand-their-party, DOA: 8-1-13, y2k
Paul, delivering a foreign policy speech at the conservative Heritage Foundation Wednesday, struck AND questions the bipartisan consensus is immediately castigated, rebuked and their patriotism challenged." Tea Party wins snowball --- saves their influence in Congress Cillizza 12 (Chris Cillizza, December 4, 2012, “Is the tea party dead? Or just resting?,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/04/whither-the-tea-party/)
And Jon Lerner, a Republican consultant who works closely with the Club For Growth AND coming legislative fights in Congress could lead to a renaissance in the movement. Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises Montgomery 11 (Lori, "House Republicans divided on spending cuts; for some, it's $100 billion or bust," Feb 11, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/10/AR2011021007091.html)
An already wobbly week for House Republicans turned chaotic Thursday as their unruly new majority AND criticized GOP leaders for their first offer to cut spending and demanded more. Destroys the economy --- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating Brown 13 (Abram, 1/4, "GOP's Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy," www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)
That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in AND , though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different. Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts Burrows and Harris 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics AND and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶ Trials The United States Congress should establish a policy trial process regarding the United States Congress creating a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations or their heirs that overrides the state secrets and official immunity doctrine and replaces them with carefully considered procedures for balancing the secrecy concerns. The result of the policy trial should be unconditionally implemented and enforced by the United States Congress. The trial solves the aff Noone 12 (Gregory Noone, Director of the Fairmont State University National ¶ Security and Intelligence Program and an Assistant Professor of ¶ Political Science and Law, “The War Powers Resolution and Public Opinion” Volume 45 Fall 2012 Issues 1 and 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.8.Article.Noone.pdf, KB)
IV. The Public Wants Congress to Approve¶ “Do you think the president AND 2008 indicate the desire for ¶ congressional approval remains strong with few exceptions. The CP is more rigorous and avoids the tea party disad Buchanan, ’13 (Bruce, Professor in Government at the University of Texas at Austin, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, p. 114-115, RSR)
Finally and most importantly, invoking the procedure signals the American people that something rare AND protect members of Congress, most of whom will follow the public lead. The counterplan is not topical and plan-minus a.) It severs should Summers 94 (Justice – Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, 1994 OK 123, 11-8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13)
¶4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word AND intent must be garnered from the four corners of the entire record.16 CONTINUES – TO FOOTNOTE 13 "Should" not only is used as a "present indicative" synonymous AND . 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).
b.) It severs substantial Words and Phrases 1925 Judicial and statutory definitions of words and phrases, Volume 7, p. 6738
The words “outward, open, actual, visible, substantial, and exclusive AND Bass v. Pease, 79 Ill. App. 308, 318.
c.) It severs resolved American Heritage Dictionary 2k Resolve: 1. To make a firm decision about. K Transparency is impossible – coding it as a goal or method in statist politics creates the false expectation of total transparency which further obscures abuses of governance -turns the case Fenster 2k10 mark, seeing the state: transparency as metaphor, administrative law review, 62, 3, summer, american bar association, Prof of Law, UFlorida – Levin College of Law, JD Yale Law, PhD Urbana Champaign
Employed in this way, the term transparency simultaneously describes both an aspirational goal— AND state’s visibility and the imperfect means that have been developed to overcome them.
YOU SHOULD REFUSE THEIR IDEALIZATION OF TRANSPARENCY. INSTEAD YOU SHOULD DEMANDS A MORE SELF-REFLECTIVE FORM OF INTELLIGENT ACCOUNTABILITY GROUNDED IN THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE INEVITABLE FAILURE OF TRANSPARENCY. Roberts 2k9 john, “no one is perfect: the limits of transparency and an ethic for intelligent accountability”, accounting, organizations, and society, 32, 957-970, Faculty of Economics and Business, U of Sydney
In setting out to explore the effects of transparency on the subject some clues can AND this ideal of a self that is fully transparent to itself and others. Adv 1
Government is more open than ever about targeted killings and public debate is already happening
Given these efforts, I venture to say that the United States government has never been so open regarding its counterterrorism policies and their legal justification. Still, there continues to be considerable public and legal debate surrounding these technologies and how they are sometimes used in our fight against al-Qa’ida.
No unique internal link- no ev says debating about drones is key to reclaiming or engaging the public sphere- public debates about a litany of other issues solve. No evidence says the public sphere isn’t being engaged now
They don’t solve the Williams impact- it says enlightenment thinking has permanently diluted the public sphere- the aff doesn’t end or reverse enlightenment thinking
The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According AND forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders. Terrorism causes extinction Hellman 8 (Martin E, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING, THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat AND assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
Drones minimize civilian casualties – “pattern-of-life” analysis and reduced operator tension makes collateral damage unlikely – the alternative is empirically worse Lewis 13 (Michael W. Lewis, flew fighters for the Navy in the early 1990s. He now teaches international law at Ohio Northern University School of Law, “Drones: Actually the Most Humane Form of Warfare Ever” AUG 21 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/drones-actually-the-most-humane-form-of-warfare-ever/278746/, KB)
Turning to the question of civilian casualties: All armed conflicts cause civilian casualties, AND . Drones did not cause him or the Afghan people any appreciable concern.
Solvency No solvency- drone strikes are legal. And, the aff hamstrings military effectiveness
I hate Obama's drone war--but, under the law, he has a AND authority (or operates under some other legal authorization for the use force). Unfettered drone use is inevitable, regardless of restrictions CNN 13 (Eliott McLaughlin, Jamie Crawford and Joe Sterling, 05/23/13, “Obama: U.S. will keep deploying drones -- when they are only option”, http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/23/politics/obama-terror-speech, AB)
Washington (CNN) -- Drone strikes are a necessary evil, but one that AND should be used against American citizens who are suspected terrorists in foreign countries.
The drone lobby?¶ Standing in the way of proper congressional oversight has been the AND Street Research. Seventy-seven percent of these donations went to Republicans. Even if predictions in the abstract are wrong, policy debates is productive, improves predictive accuracy, and solves cession of the debate to cloistered experts Tetlock and Gardner 2011 (Philip Tetlock is a professor of organizational behavior at the Haas Business School at the University of California-Berkeley, AND Dan Gardner is a columnist and senior writer for the Ottawa Citizen and the author of The Science of Fear, received numerous awards for his writing, including the Michener Award, M.A. History from York, "OVERCOMING OUR AVERSION TO ACKNOWLEDGING OUR IGNORANCE" July 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/11/dan-gardner-and-philip-tetlock/overcoming-our-aversion-to-acknowledging-our-ignorance/) The optimists are right that there is much we can do at a cost that AND you affix more realistic odds than your competitors on policy bets panning out.
Our impacts aren’t constructed until they prove it. Yudkowsky 6 – Eliezer Yudkowsky, Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence that has published multiple peer-reviewed papers on risk assessment. Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic. August 31, 2006. Every true idea which discomforts you will seem to match the pattern of at least AND real-world assertions. Do not take your eye off the ball. 2NC CP 2NC Process CPs Good
Education - core topic education is not whether to restrict, but who and how authority is restricted – discussing implementation is key Elmore 80 Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, PolySci Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, 1980
The emergence of implementation as a subject for policy analysis coincides closely with the discovery AND 10 percent, leaving the remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation. AND the president is engaging the public which proves our CP is timely and relevant Brown and Sherman 13 (CARRIE BUDOFF BROWN, Carrie Budoff Brown She worked as a staff writer at the Hartford Courant and the Philadelphia Inquirer before arriving at POLITICO on the day it launched in 2007, now a White House reporter, and JAKE SHERMAN, covers Congress for POLITICO., “President Obama’s political capital spreads thin” 9/4/13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/obamas-political-capital-spreads-thin-96306_Page2.html, KB)
“What the president has asked is what the American people should expect and no less, which is a respectful, nonpartisan, deliberative and thoughtful debate over one of the most difficult discussions and decisions that Congress participates in, which is the use of military force.
AT Executive Controls Information Flow - Marshall 8 The CP provides caution that ensures the best outcome Buchanan, ’13 (Bruce, Professor in Government at the University of Texas at Austin, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, p. 115)
Finally, is this is an attack on the presidency? No, and here AND they are launched. That too would clearly serve the interests of all.
Clinton won the shutdown fight hands down. Republicans took all the blame for the AND Democrats. But a majority of House Republicans will undoubtedly vote “no.”
Those numbers, however, are still well below where they were in 2010, AND fighting with each other . . . whipsawed between establishment and extreme factions."
MIAMI—Some of its hot-headed darlings have compromised. Some of its AND supporters. A May survey found just 24 percent identified with the movement. Trade Impact Tea Party control destroys globalization and increases protectionism Barry Gewen 10 has been an editor at The New York Times Book Review, "How the Tea Party is Wrec king Republican Foreign Policy," 12-4-10, www.newrepublic.com/blog/foreign-policy/79647/tea-party-wrecking-republican-foreign-policy, DOA: 8-1-13, y2k
Similar forces are at play in the case of trade. Tea Partiers are suspicious AND charges of “isolationist” and “imperialist” fly back and forth. Protectionism lowers the threshold for all conflict – makes escalation more likely – causes a laundry list of impacts Patrick 2009 Stewart Patrick (senior fellow and director of the Program on International Institutions and Global Governance at the Council on Foreign Relations) March 2009 “Protecting Free Trade” The National Interest http://nationalinterest.org/article/protecting-free-trade-3060 President Obama and his foreign counterparts should reflect on the lessons of the 1930s- AND daily economic intelligence briefing, distilling the security implications of the global crisis.
Solvency
1NR Dfjidfsj
The plan guarantees backlash – AUMF proves Hunt 13 (ALBERT R. HUNT, a columnist for Bloomberg View, the editorial arm of Bloomberg News, “Roadblocks Limit Scope for Change” June 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/03/us/03iht-letter03.html, KB)
Mr. Obama did something almost unheard of for a modern U.S. AND The left said the change of policy was too little, too late.
AT Link Turns The plan creates congressional fights – mssive GOp backlash Zengerle and Spetalnick 13 Unrestricted use of drones is popular – no link turns, they’ve been supported for years with no oversight Barry 13 Tom, senior policy analyst and director of CIP's TransBorder Project, Barry specializes in immigration policy, homeland security, border security, and the outsourcing of national security. He co-founded the International Relations Center (IRC), and joined CIP in 2007. He has authored or co-authored more than twenty books on Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, food aid, the United Nations, free trade and U.S. foreign policy, Drones Over the Homeland, April 23, 2013 http://www.ciponline.org/research/html/drones-over-the-homeland#SPS
The most unabashed advocates of drone proliferation, however, are in Congress. They AND solely about technological advances. Money flows and political influence also factor in. No link turns – Congress doesn’t care about oversight Barry 13 Tom, senior policy analyst and director of CIP's TransBorder Project, Barry specializes in immigration policy, homeland security, border security, and the outsourcing of national security. He co-founded the International Relations Center (IRC), and joined CIP in 2007. He has authored or co-authored more than twenty books on Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, food aid, the United Nations, free trade and U.S. foreign policy, Drones Over the Homeland, April 23, 2013 http://www.ciponline.org/research/html/drones-over-the-homeland#SPS Since 2004, the DHS’s UAV program has drawn mounting concern and criticism from the AND from both parties seem more intent on boosting drone purchases and drone deployment.
MPX
It’s a conflict multiplier – triggers all their impacts and make war inevitable Ginsborg et al. 12 Mikkel Funder, Signe Marie Cold-Ravnkilde and Ida Peters Ginsborg - in collaboration with Nanna Callisen Bang, Denmark Institute for International Studies, 2012, "ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND CONFLICT IN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION EXPERIENCES FROM NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT" www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/Reports2012/RP2012-04-Addressing-climate-change_web.jpg.pdf
2.2 Climate change as a con?ict multiplier¶ Climate change is therefore best AND actors such as governments – thereby increasing the risk and intensity of con?ict.
Warming causes hydrogen sulfide poisoning—extinction. Ward 10 (Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010)
In the rest of this chapter I will support a contention that within several millennia AND Planet Earth: the thermohaline current systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents.
,¶ enabling it to review cases by prisoners who claim that their constitutional rights have been violated and that they are unlawfully¶ imprisoned.