Tournament: Neregional | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cornell Powers-Wright | Judge: Paqueo
Joint Special Operations soldiers, from the department of defense, have been signed 

over to the CIA for covert operations

Goldsmith ’13 (Jack Goldsmith, How Obama Undermined the War on Terror, 1 MAY 2013, The New 

Republic, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-supportcounterterrorism)

Over the course of the Bush … in Abbottabad, Pakistan, in 2011.

This is allowed under title 50 of US code—it permits the President to order any covert 

action, paramilitary or otherwise, that he deems appropriate, without approval from 

US Code (USC 50 § 413b. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/1541)

The President may not authorize … any action that would violate the Constitution or any statute of the 

Obama is expanding CIA covert paramilitary operations

Goldsmith 13 (Jack, How Obama Undermined the War on Terror, 1 MAY 2013, The New Republic, http://

www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)

Mazzetti gives another reason why Obama would … conveying what Mazzetti thinks was his first-term 

attitude toward the Agency. 

CIA has transformed since 9/11 into a “killing machine”

Tate and Miller 11 (Julie Tate and Greg Miller, How CIA Shifts Focus to Killing Targets, 11 SEP 2011, 

The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-shifts-focus-tokilling-targets/2011/08/30/gIQA7MZGvJ_story_1.html)

Human rights groups go further, …: “Instead, say ‘one hell of an operational tool.’ ”

Plan Text: The U.S. Federal Government should move all paramilitary operations 

from U.S. Code Title 50 authority to U.S. Code Title 10 authority under Department of 

Advantages

The CIA’s ability to kill secretly makes it impossible to prove that the US is following 

Human Rights Watch 12 (Humans Rights Watch, April 20, 2012, “US: Transfer CIA drone strikes to 

military” www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/20/us-transfer-cia-drone-strikes-military)

US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) official suggesting the agency …What would the US say if Russia or China took the same approach to 

attack perceived enemies in the streets of New York or Washington?”

Covert Operations undermine U.S. position internationally

Kibbe 4 (Jennifer, PhD, Chair of Government at Franklin and Marshall College, in 83 Foreign Affairs, 

January/February 2004, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journalsandhandle=hein.journals/

fora83andtype=Textandid=308)

In addition, covert action can have dangerous repercussions … could attempt reprisals of a similar 

Secrecy of CIA paramilitary operations undermines U.S. credibility

Zenko 13 (Micah, Policy Memorandum No. 31, Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon, @ 

Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/

The main objection to consolidating lead executive …airstrikes conducted by other countries.

The U.S. has, through its lack of transparency in CIA killings, disregarded international 

IHRCRC 13 (International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, 2013 “Living under the Drone” 

International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford University Law School http://

livingunderdrones.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf)

International law requires …officials to discuss the program publicly is welcome progress, but more is 

Internal and international credibility are the key internal links to soft power – more 

important than hard power due to recent free flow of information

Nye, 08 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. -  Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard 

University, co-founder of neoliberalist theory in IR, former Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and 

Technology, former chair of the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, former chair of  the National 

Intelligence Council, and former chair of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,  “Public Diplomacy and Soft 

Power,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 616 Number 1, p. 94-109, CM)

Politics has become a contest … (as shown in interviews or polls), not dollars spent or slick production 

Ultimately, soft power is key to US hegemony

Nye 2004 (Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, “Soft 

Power and American Foreign Policy” Vol. 119, No. 2, Summer 2004 , http://www.jstor.org/stable/

pdfplus/20202345.pdf,p. 260-261)

In the global information age… We cannot afford that. 

U.S. hegemony prevents war through coalitions, treaties, and promoting democracy

Thayer 6 (Bradley A.  is an associate professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic 

Studies, Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy,” November/December 2006, Issue 86, 

National Interest, p.32, EBSCOHost, Accessed Date: 5-7-13 y2k)

A grand strategy based on American primacy …to have it last as long as possible.¶ 

Transparency/Democracy à Human Rights

Title 50 makes the CIA completely exempt from standards of accountability and 

IHRCRC 13 (International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, 2013

Living under the Drone” International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford University 

Law School in cooperation with New York University, http://livingunderdrones.org/wpcontent/uploads/

2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf)

121  To the extent that strikes may occur...but exploded and held in just horror in   the 18  th  century.”  

CIA operates in an accountability void not present in the Department of Defense, that 

lack of accountability leads to indiscriminate killing

Mayer 9 (The New Yorker, 2009

Jane Mayer, October 26, 2009, The Predator War, The New Yorker, http://www.newyorker.com/

reporting/2009/10/26/091026fa_fact_mayer)

The drone program, for all its tactical successes… Once you use targeting less stringently, it can 

Congress can’t properly oversee CIA operations, but it can for the DoD

Zenko 2013 (Micah, Policy Memorandum No. 31, Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon, 

@ Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/

The different reporting requirements … hearings on covert CIA drone strikes.

CIA Covert Actions undermine foundations of U.S. Democracy 

Kibbe 04 (Jennifer, PhD, Chair of Government at Franklin and Marshall College, in 83 Foreign Affairs, 

January/February 2004 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journalsandhandle=hein.journals/

fora83andtype=Textandid=308)

 "COVERT ACTION" is defined by U.S. law …operation out  of the White House in the early 198os. 

Lack of Transparency in covert operations, including targeted killing, kills undermines 

Friedersdorf 13 (Conor, The Atlantic Monthly, Why the US needs to stop shrouding its drone program 

 2013 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/why-the-usneeds-to-stop-shrouding-its-drone-program-in-secrecy/278737/)

The Obama administration's refusal to make public … would make us more moral and safer.

Human Rights cannot be fully realized in any other system but a democracy

Norman 05 (J., Human Rights and Democracy: Conceptualization and Application in 

Palestine, The Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group, July 2005, http://www.phrmg.org/

human_rights_and_democracy.htm)

Essentially, the inclination … through the case study of an emerging democracy.

Democracy is essential to the survival of human rights – in any other system they are 

simply standards determined by the government

Langlois 2003, (Anthon J. Langlois, “Human Rights Without Democracy?”, Human Rights Quarterly 

Anthony J. Langlois is Lecturer in International Relations at Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. 

He was educated at the University of Tasmania and the Australian National University. Langlois is the 

author of The Politics of Justice and Human Rights: Southeast Asia and Universalist Theory (Cambridge 

University Press, 2001 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v025/25.4langlois.html)

Perhaps the most fundamental confusion … It allows authority to stand without accountability to 

CIA doesn’t know who it kills with targeted killing operations, and it’s impossible to 

hold the CIA accountable – this uniquely threatens human rights 

Lennard 13 6/6 (Natasha, 2013, The CIA often doesn’t know whom it kills with Drones, Salon Magazine, 

http://www.salon.com/2013/06/06/cia_often_doesnt_know_who_it_kills_with_drones/

Further affirming skepticism in the human rights … may have been killed in U.S. drone strikes in 

Humans Have Intrinsic Value, only recognition of human rights transcends race, 

Penn and Malik 10. (Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 32, Number 3, August 2010, pp. 665-688 

(Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press)

That which is of intrinsic value…may be regarded as the proper focus of human rights claims.

Human rights is the only universal standard against which to make value judgments.

Harrison 2008 (Faye “Diversity, (In)Equality and Justice: An Anthropological Perspective on 

Globalization, Human Rights, and the Politics of Antiracism” York University)

The turn to an explicit anthropological investigation … use a discourse of rights in the pursuit of 

particular and often competing or opposing ends…”

Under Title 50, Congressional oversight and transparency for the CIA are extremely 

Wall 11 (Andru “Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, 

Intelligence Activities and Covert Action”, Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 3. http://harvardnsj.org/

wp- content/uploads/2012/01/Vol.-3_Wall1.pdf )

Intelligence committee oversight is weakened …prior to the start   of the fi scal year on just two 

occasions  —  1983 and 1989.

Moving authorization from Title 50 to Title 10 would be the most credible way to 

shift targeted killing authority to the DOD--it would mean better transparency, more 

restriction, and more cooperation with other countries and close potential loopholes. 

Kaplan 13 (Fred Kaplan for Slate Magazine, 21 March 2013, “John Brennan Wants The 

Pentagon to Take Command”, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/

john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html)

The Obama White House is … al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist networks worldwide.¶ 

DoD significantly more transparent than CIA in targeted killing

Mulrine 13 (Anna, May 24 2013, “Obama  talks Drones: Will it increase transparency for DoD to take 

the Lead”, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2013/05/

obama-talks-drones-will-it-increase-transparency-pentagon-take-lead)

Sarah Holewinski, executive director of the Center for Civilians in Conflict …does not directly answer to 

the American people, Holewinski says.

Tournament: JVNovice Nats | Round: 2 | Opponent: GMU JM | Judge: Vik Keenan
1AC
Observation 1 – The new way of war

Expanding war far beyond traditional boundaries and delineations, the Obama administration has steadily increased the use of drone warfare. We have transformed warfighting into an instrumentalization of populations. Unable to discern friend from foe, we see populations as groups to be collected or targets to be eliminated.
Holmqvist, 2013. (Caroline, Holmqvist. Centre for International Studies, London School of Economics, UK Swedish National Defense College, Sweden. Undoing War: War Ontologies and the Materiality of Drone Warfare. May 1, 2013. http://mil.sagepub.com/content/early  /2013/04/30/0305829813483350. P. 5-6) 

The main focus of this article, however, is on the use of combat
AND
testify to a similar instrumentalisation of the populations amongst whom wars are fought.

This modern population control illustrates the distance to which our will now reaches, far beyond traditional borders. The drone, the weapon of choice in a conflict of things rather than people, does not identity the individuals that it kills; it merely makes them a target, a deviation from our order which must be removed. The enemy is lost, obscured behind a wall of bureaucratic classifications. Who are we fighting?
Currier 13 (Cora Currier, Journalist, ProPublica July 26, 2013, 10:13 a.m.; http://www.propublica.org/article/how-does-the-u.s.-mark-unidentified-men-in-pakistan-and-yemen-as-drone-targ)

In a major national security speech this spring, President Obama said again and again
AND
the president’s constitutional power to defend the country, even without congressional authorization.

These broad methods obscure the target, stretching the limits of the target’s juridical and geographical shape, and blurring the conduct of war. Agency is lost, responsibility hidden. The fighting becomes asymmetrical: an imposition of will rather than war.
Addey et al 11 (Peter Addey, Mark Whitehead, Alison Williams et al.  "Introduction: Air-target Distance, Reach and the Politics of Verticality."  Theory, Culture and Society 28.7-8 2011).  

Perhaps as a consequence of what many refer to as Network Centric Warfare, aerial
AND
duty hours. Yet, they are legal combatants¶ engaging enemy targets.

Plan Text
Plan: The United States Federal Government should statutorily prohibit the use of drones for targeted killing. 

Observation 2 – The justifications of violence
The drone program is still a central piece of U.S. policy, but the more central they are, the more apparent their dangers become. From its secretive nature, a dangerous, uncontrolled technology, with the power to kill at will emerges.
Power 13, (“Confessions of a Drone Warrior” | GQ | Matthew Power, 23 October 2013)

Since its inception, the drone program has been largely hidden, its operational details
AND
Force as an experimental test subject in an utterly new form of warfare.
Tired of war, the administration has quietly attempted to avoid it, turning instead to a quasi-war against a mythical spector where drones are the weapon of choice. But as the drone program grows, it spirals out of our grasp. Instead of war against our enemies, we attempt to uphold a new world order. Without an enemy, we wage repression, not war…
Cronin 2013 (Professor of Public Policy at Goerge Mason University, “Why Drones Fail”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail)

The war-weary United States, for which the phrase “boots on the
AND
footprint in the Middle East and North Africa, not to mention the Caucasus

The idea of a universal humanity merely renders exclusions invisible and violence becomes unlimited.  In a “universal liberal utopia” enmity doesn’t disappear but just becomes “sub-human” against the “universal” order, justifying the cruelest of reprisals.   Targeted killing seeks to hunt out deviations, lyons and tigers in the wilderness and rather than limiting war, expands it to an all-encompassing project.
RASCH 2005 William Rasch, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at India University. 'Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle', South Atlantic Quarterly, 104:2, 253-262.

This, Schmitt’s, is not a popular sentiment, even if it echoes somewhat
AND
it may also always produce recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

With drones the military has sought to skirt the boundaries of war, sanitizing violence and creating an abstract other. We do not fight an enemy, We fight an abstraction. The result is that we kill quickly, without care or regard. Civilians and children become merely “collateral damage” as we wage terror from the sky. The system is all encompassing. Conform or be destroyed.

Observation 3 – Politics is broken
Politics is now dictated by the tempo of military operations. Speed is of the essence, we’re told; but the increasing pace of politics has blurred the distinction between war and peace. Where are we? Where are we going?
James, ‘7 Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; “Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);” published 2007; pages 72-74.
This may seem like stating nothing other than the obvious. Yet, as always
AND
secret¶ and surprising, is ignored.¶ (Virilio 1994a: 43)
The center cannot hold – the logic of the current system has placed us on a crash course with a singularity of automated violence. Instead of an executive, we will soon have an instant executioner.  
Virilio ‘2 Paul Virilio, Director of the Ecole Speciale d’Architecutre, Paris, Desert Screen: War at the Speed of Light, pg. 43-44
P.V.: The threat is that of fusion and confusion.  No politics
AND
, man can neither see the weapon arrive nor fend off the attack.

This military tele-presence creates a pure war of instant violence, where military necessity dictates politics.
James, ‘7 Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; “Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);” published 2007; page 86.
The implications of war conceived of as ‘total electronic war’ are at once¶
AND
reflection and developed argumentation of any true politics worthy of the name possible.

This logic of pure war will be extended to nuclear weapons, placing us on a closed track towards extinction.
Borg, ‘3 Mark B. Borg, psychoanalyst and community consultant; “Psychoanalytic Pure War;” published in the Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2003.
Paul Virilio and Sylvere Lotringer's concept of "pure war" refers to the potential
AND
preparation for absolute destruction and for personal, social, and cultural death. 

Pure War creates a technocratic state-of-emergency that destroys all value to life.
Kellner, ‘8 Douglas Kellner, professor of philosophy at UCLA; "Preface The Ideology of HIgh-Tech/Postmodern War vs. the Reality of Messy Wars;" http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/2008_Kellner_MessyWarPreface_ver29052008FINAL.pdf
Hence, phenomenal new military technologies are being produced in the Third Millennium, described
AND
social life, as shown in Messy Wars’ chapter 3 about war environment. 

Drones and the antiseptic image of the world we see through them are at the root of this process, normalizing and legitimizing automated violence.
Pugliese 11 (Joseph Pugliese Research Director of the Department of Media, Music, Communication and Cultural Studies Macquarie University  "Prosthetics of Law and the Anomic Violence of Drones."  20 Griffeth L. Rev. 931 2011)
The ensconcing of war operations, and the everyday deployment of lethal drone attacks,
AND
people where names were unknown created a serious risk of killing innocent people."

Without engagement, the perspective of defense intellectuals won’t change – this leads to the sanitization of violence from discourse, and allows for military atrocity to happen.
Cohn, ‘87
Carol Cohn, Director of the Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights at the University of Mass; “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals;” published in Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4; pages 690 – 692; JStor
State I: Listening – Clean bombs and clean language. Entering the world of
AND
. And somehow it seems to be forgotten that even scalpels spill blood."
This must be the site of resistance – executive war powers are at the nexus of the simultaneous transformation of politics and warfare.
Glezos, ‘11
Simon Glezos, professor of political science at the University of Victoria, British Columbia; “The ticking bomb: Speed, liberalism and ressentiment against the future;” published in Contemporary Political Theory (2011) 10, 147–165. doi:10.1057/cpt.2010.6.
It is called ‘the Ticking Bomb Scenario’: Imagine a terrorist has planted a
AND
be located not only in¶ the ticking bomb, but in ourselves.

Decentralization of the president’s war powers is key – Congress limiting the authority of the president would radically democratize politics.
Pearlstein, ’13 Deborah Pealstein, professor of law at Princeton, member of the ABA's Advisory Committee on Law and National Security, former White House staff, director of the Law and Security Program at Human Rights First, former clerk for Justice John Paul Stevens, and J.D. from Harvard; “Congress Shouldn’t Give the President New Power to Fight Terrorists;” published in Slate, 26 MAR 2013; http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2013/03/congress_shouldn_t_
give_president_obama_new_power_to_fight_terrorists.html
Despite this, Leiter and others seem convinced that Congress should pass a new law
AND
the case for new use-of-force legislation is impossibly thin.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: GMU | Judge: Joe Leeson-Schatz

Inherency

Obama is expanding CIA covert paramilitary operations

Goldsmith 13 (Jack, How Obama Undermined the War on Terror, 1 MAY 2013, The New Republic, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Mazzetti gives another reason why Obama would rely so heavily on targeted killing and related
AND
conveying what Mazzetti thinks was his first-term attitude toward the Agency. 

This is allowed under title 50 of US code—it permits the President to order any covert action that he deems appropriate, without approval from Congress

US Code (USC 50 § 413b. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/1541)
The President may not authorize the conduct of a covert action by departments, agencies
AND
action that would violate the Constitution or any statute of the United States.

Drone use is inevitable—it’s just a question of how we use them

Miller 12 (Greg, Intelligence reporter for the Washington Post; former national security correspondent for the Los Angeles Times and co-author of The Interrogators: Inside the Secret War against al Qaeda "Plan for Hunting Terrorists Signals U.S. Intends to Keep Adding Names to Kill Lists," Oct 23 http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-23/world/35500278_1_drone-campaign-obama-administration-matrix)
Over the past two years, the Obama administration has been secretly developing a new
AND
and other agencies declined to comment on the matrix or other counterterrorism programs.¶
Plan Text: The U.S. Federal Government should move all targeted killing operations from U.S. Code Title 50 authority to U.S. Code Title 10 authority under Department of Defense

Soft Power

US credibility is at risk—we could lose the battle of the narratives

Harman 12 (Jane, nine-term Congresswoman and former ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, is president and chief executive of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, July 10^th "Fighting Terrorism Softly," http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/10/fighting-terrorism-softly-opinion/)
"Too often since 9/11," then-Sen. Barack Obama said
AND
define ourselves, the extremists will be happy to do it for us.

Pakistan and the Taliban are telling the world about the failures of our drone program

Zenko 13
(Douglas, Fellow at the Douglas Dillon institute, "US Drone Strike Policies," Council on Foreign Relation, January 22, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849 accessed 8/1-http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849 accessed 8/1)

MICAH ZENKO: Well, thank you so much for the opportunity and for the
AND
use today will have on emerging drone powers once they have the technology.

There are two issues tanking perception of US drone policy—unilateralism and sovereignty

Dowd 12 (Alan, writes on defense and security issues. His work has appeared in Policy Review, Parameters, Military Officer, The American Legion, World Politics Review and other leading publications, "The Brewing Backlash against the Drone War" http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1278)
Most UCAV operators, however, are some 7,000 miles away from their
AND
drone war reminds us that means and methods matter as much as ends.

Internal and international credibility are the key internal links to soft power – more important than hard power due to recent free flow of information

Nye, 08 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. -  Distinguished Service Professor and
AND
, Volume 616 Number 1, p. 94-109, CM)
Politics has become a contest of competitive credibility. The world of traditional power politics
AND
shown in interviews or polls), not dollars spent or slick production packages. 

The power of attraction is key to US hegemony

Nye 2004 (Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, "Soft Power and American Foreign Policy" Vol. 119, No. 2, Summer 2004 , http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20202345.pdf,p. 260-261)

In the global information age, the attractiveness of the United States will be crucial
AND
as the new realities of the information age. We cannot afford that. 

Soft Power prevents war through coalitions, treaties, and promoting democracy

Thayer 6 (Bradley A.  is an associate professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University, "In Defense of Primacy," November/December 2006, Issue 86, National Interest, p.32, EBSCOHost, Accessed Date: 5-7-13 y2k)

A grand strategy based on American primacy means ensuring the United States stays the world’s
AND
—and the world’s—to have it last as long as possible.¶ 

Human rights

CIA doesn’t know who it kills with targeted killing operations, and it’s impossible to hold the CIA accountable – this uniquely threatens human rights

Lennard 13 6/6 (Natasha, 2013, The CIA often doesn’t know whom it kills with Drones, Salon Magazine, http://www.salon.com/2013/06/06/cia_often_doesnt_know_who_it_kills_with_drones/
Further affirming skepticism in the human rights community that "targeted killing" is a
AND
may have been killed in U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan.

Secrecy of current drone strikes prevents credible oversight

Friedersdorf 13 (Conor, The Atlantic Monthly, Why the US needs to stop shrouding its drone program in secrecy, August 22^nd 2013 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/why-the-us-needs-to-stop-shrouding-its-drone-program-in-secrecy/278737/)
The Obama administration’s refusal to make public all of the legal reasoning it relies on
AND
the long run, increased transparency would make us more moral and safer.

Humans Have Intrinsic Value, only recognition of human rights transcends race, gender, and class.

Penn and Malik 10. (Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 32, Number 3, August 2010, pp. 665-688 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press)
That which is of intrinsic value, by contrast, derives its value, not
AND
order and may be regarded as the proper focus of human rights claims.

Solvency

Moving authorization from Title 50 to Title 10 would be the most credible way to shift targeted killing authority to the DOD—it solves transparency, and credibility, and stops unilateralism.

Kaplan 13 (Fred Kaplan for Slate Magazine, 21 March 2013, "John Brennan Wants The Pentagon to Take Command", www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html)
The Obama White House is shifting control of the secret drone-strike program out
AND
to conduct secret operations against al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist networks worldwide.¶ 

Congress can’t properly oversee CIA operations, but it can for the DoD

Zenko 2013 (Micah, Policy Memorandum No. 31, Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon, @ Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The different reporting requirements of JSOC and the CIA mean that congressional oversight of U
AND
because the foreign relations committees cannot hold hearings on covert CIA drone strikes.

The DoD is significantly more transparent than the CIA in targeted killing

Mulrine 13 (Anna, May 24 2013, "Obama  talks Drones: Will it increase transparency for DoD to take the Lead", Christian Science Monitor, http://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2013/05/obama-talks-drones-will-it-increase-transparency-pentagon-take-lead-http://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2013/05/obama-talks-drones-will-it-increase-transparency-pentagon-take-lead)
Sarah Holewinski, executive director of the Center for Civilians in Conflict says "The
AND
, which does not directly answer to the American people, Holewinski says.

Framework

Politics is speeding up, making it impossible for us to effectively judge consequences. This blurs the distinction between war and peace, creating a "pure war" where all targets are legitimate.

James, ’7 ~Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; "Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);" published 2007; pages 72-74.~
This may seem like stating nothing other than the obvious. Yet, as always
AND
secret¶ and surprising, is ignored.¶ (Virilio 1994a: 43)

Politics as we know it is broken – no politics is possible at the speed of light. Only fracturing the solitary control over the production of war can stop the lock-step march toward authoritarianism.

Virilio ’2 ~Paul Virilio, Director of the Ecole Speciale d’Architecutre, Paris, Desert Screen: War at the Speed of Light, pg. 43-44~
P.V.: The threat is that of fusion and confusion.  No politics
AND
, man can neither see the weapon arrive nor fend off the attack.

The role of the ballot is to deconstruct the USFG’s race to deploy drones against suspected terrorists. The judge should vote for the team that better questions the role of defense intellectuals in this world.

As defense intellectuals, Theo and I have a unique obligation to question the increasing speed of military politics in an academic debate setting. This is the only way to reject the lock-step march toward irresponsible and hasty military action.

Nagy-Zekmi and Hollis, ’10
~Silvia Nagy-Zekmi, professor in and director of the department of Cultural Studies at Villanova University and Karyn Hollis, professor in the Department of English at Villanova University, Ph.D. USC in English and Linguistics; "Questions of Response/Ability: The Role of Public Intellectuals in the Information Age" published in "Truth to Power: Public Intellectuals In and Out of Academe;" published 2010; pages xvii – xix.~

Without engagement, the perspective of defense intellectuals won’t change – this leads to the sanitization of violence from discourse, and allows for military atrocity to happen.

Cohn, ’87
~Carol Cohn, Director of the Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights at the University of Mass; "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals;" published in Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4; pages 690 – 692; JStor~
State I: Listening – Clean bombs and clean language. Entering the world of
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. And somehow it seems to be forgotten that even scalpels spill blood."

This must be the site of resistance – executive war powers are the nexus in the debate against speed.

Glezos, ’11
~Simon Glezos, professor of political science at the University of Victoria, British Columbia; "The ticking bomb: Speed, liberalism and ressentiment against the future;" published in Contemporary Political Theory (2011) 10, 147–165. doi:10.1057/cpt.2010.6.~
It is called ’the Ticking Bomb Scenario’: Imagine a terrorist has planted a
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be located not only in¶ the ticking bomb, but in ourselves.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty Chiri-Edwards | Judge: Paqueo
1AC
Inherency
Obama is expanding CIA covert paramilitary operations
Goldsmith 13 (Jack, How Obama Undermined the War on Terror, 1 MAY 2013, The New Republic, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Mazzetti gives another reason why Obama would rely so heavily on targeted killing and related
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conveying what Mazzetti thinks was his first-term attitude toward the Agency.
This is allowed under title 50 of US code—it permits the President to order any covert action that he deems appropriate, without approval from Congress
US Code (USC 50 § 413b. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/1541)
The President may not authorize the conduct of a covert action by departments, agencies
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action that would violate the Constitution or any statute of the United States.

Drone use is inevitable—it’s just a question of how we use them
Miller 12 (Greg, Intelligence reporter for the Washington Post; former national security correspondent for the Los Angeles Times and co-author of The Interrogators: Inside the Secret War against al Qaeda “Plan for Hunting Terrorists Signals U.S. Intends to Keep Adding Names to Kill Lists,” Oct 23 http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-23/world/35500278_1_drone-campaign-obama-administration-matrix)
Over the past two years, the Obama administration has been secretly developing a new
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and other agencies declined to comment on the matrix or other counterterrorism programs.¶
Plan Text: The U.S. Federal Government should move all targeted killing operations from U.S. Code Title 50 authority to U.S. Code Title 10 authority under Department of Defense

Soft Power
American hegemony depends on its image and alliances
White 13 (Thomas, Global Academic Fellow, NYU Shanghai, “ Why U.S. Hegemony Is Here to Stay” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-white/why-us-hegemony-is-here-t_b_4258264.html)
Prevailing wisdom goes like this--China will overtake the U.S. economy
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while clearly jockeying for authority and power, does not yet have legitimacy.¶
US credibility is at risk now—we could lose the battle of the narratives
Harman 12 (Jane, nine-term Congresswoman and former ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, is president and chief executive of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, July 10th “Fighting Terrorism Softly,” http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/10/fighting-terrorism-softly-opinion/)
"Too often since 9/11," then-Sen. Barack Obama said
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define ourselves, the extremists will be happy to do it for us.
We’re letting Pakistan and the Taliban tell the story
Zenko 13
(Douglas, Fellow at the Douglas Dillon institute, “US Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relation, January 22, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849 accessed 8/1)

MICAH ZENKO: Well, thank you so much for the opportunity and for the
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use today will have on emerging drone powers once they have the technology.
There are two issues tanking perception of US drone policy—unilateralism and sovereignty
Dowd 12 (Alan, writes on defense and security issues. His work has appeared in Policy Review, Parameters, Military Officer, The American Legion, World Politics Review and other leading publications, “The Brewing Backlash against the Drone War” http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1278)
Most UCAV operators, however, are some 7,000 miles away from their
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drone war reminds us that means and methods matter as much as ends.
Credibility is the key internal links to soft power – more important than hard power due to recent free flow of information
Nye, 08 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. -  Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, co-founder of neoliberalist theory in IR, former Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and Technology, former chair of the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, former chair of  the National Intelligence Council, and former chair of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,  “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 616 Number 1, p. 94-109, CM)
Politics has become a contest of competitive credibility. The world of traditional power politics
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shown in interviews or polls), not dollars spent or slick production packages.
Soft Power prevents war through coalitions, treaties, and promoting democracy
Thayer 6 (Bradley A.  is an associate professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy,” November/December 2006, Issue 86, National Interest, p.32, EBSCOHost, Accessed Date: 5-7-13 y2k)

A grand strategy based on American primacy means ensuring the United States stays the world's
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--and the world's--to have it last as long as possible.

¶
Don’t let them fool you—hard power is incomplete without soft power
Nye 06 (Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, “Soft Power, Hard Power and Leadership”, Harvard, October 27th 2006, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/netgov/files/talks/docs/11_06_06_seminar_Nye_HP_SP_Leadership.pdf,p.5)
Hard and soft power are related because they are both aspects of the  ability to
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upon  attraction or soft power, but the result remains  theft in both instances
Theoretical arguments about inevitable decline create a self-fulfilling prophecy- even if collapse is inevitable, we should attempt to sustain it
Schweller '1 Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University Randall L. "The Problem of International Order Revisited" International Security, 26.1 (Project Muse)
First, although hegemonic decline may be inevitable....assumption of inevitable decline in 1945
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this assumption of inevitable decline in 1945, in accordance with Ikenberry's prescription.

US-Pakistan relations

Drone strikes are increasing in the status quo
Silverstein 2013 (Andrew, Undergraduate Political Science Major at the University of Pennsylvania, Flying Combat Drones, Within the Bounds of International Humanitarian Law, May 2013, Sound Politicks, official Undergraduate Journal of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Volume 19, Spring 2013, https://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Sound20Politicks-Volume20XIX-Spring202013-Final.pdf#page=10, page 14 )

These are standards that can be applied not only to drones in Pakistan but also
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if kept at the status quo, the program ought to end in Pakistan
Continuation of drone strikes radicalize the populace and weaken an already unstable Pakistani government
Innocent 9 (Malou, foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute ,“The US Must Reassess Its Drone Policy” Brookings Institution, August 25, 2009, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/us-must-reassess-its-drone-policy?print NB)

America’s interests lie in ensuring the virus of anti-American radicalism does not infect
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it is time to reassess both US tactics and objectives in the region.

US drone strikes risk Pakistani collapse.
Boyle 13 (Michael, Assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, lectured at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, adviser on Obama's counterterrorism expert group in 07-08, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, Volume 89 Issue 1, January 15th 2013, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2346.12002/pdf, pages 1-29)

The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few  
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where the military, which has launched  coups before, remains a popular force

Breakdown of Pakistan’s government risks nuclear terrorism
NTI 11 (Nuclear Threat Initiative, nonpartisan organization with a mission to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of nuclear weapons and providing transparency on the world’s nuclear weapons, July 29, “Pakistani Govt. Collapse Chief Threat to Nuke Security: Report,” http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pakistani-govt-collapse-chief-threat-to-nuke-security-report/)
Extremists would have the best chance to take possession of Pakistani nuclear weapons following the
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, such as India" (Congressional Research Service report, July 20).
Terrorist activity in Pakistan risks nuclear war with India, US key to preventing escalation
Vira 12 (Varun, writes on Middle Eastern and South Asian security affairs for Small Wars Journal, coauthored Pakistan: Violence vs. Stability with Dr. Anthony Cordesman of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), degree in International Relations, April 26, “Escalating from Terrorism to Nuclear War on the Asian Subcontinent” http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/escalating-from-terrorism-to-nuclear-war-on-the-asian-subcontinent)
 KEY JUDGMENTS¶ Within the next decade, there is a high probability of
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for the level of external intervention they expect quite simply may not exist.
Indo-Pak war guarantees extinction.
Hundley 12 (Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center's Gateway project on nuclear security. Race to the End http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3)
The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's
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it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

Ending unilateral drone strikes will stabilize relations with Pakistan
Foust ‘12
Joshua for The Atlantic, The Atlantic, “US Drones make peace with Pakistan less likely”, 07/11/2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/us-drones-make-peace-with-pakistan-less-likely/259756/,
Pakistani ambassador to the U.S. Sherry Rehman recently made an unsurprising statement
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officials in the targeting process more often could be one way of building trust

Solvency
Moving authorization from Title 50 to Title 10 would be the most credible way to shift targeted killing authority to the DOD--it solves transparency, and credibility, and stops unilateralism.
Kaplan 13 (Fred Kaplan for Slate Magazine, 21 March 2013, “John Brennan Wants The Pentagon to Take Command”, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html)
The Obama White House is shifting control of the secret drone-strike program out
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to conduct secret operations against al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist networks worldwide.¶
Congress can’t properly oversee CIA operations, but it can for the DoD
Zenko 2013 (Micah, Policy Memorandum No. 31, Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon, @ Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The different reporting requirements of JSOC and the CIA mean that congressional oversight of U
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because the foreign relations committees cannot hold hearings on covert CIA drone strikes.
The DoD is significantly more transparent than the CIA in targeted killing
Mulrine 13 (Anna, May 24 2013, “Obama  talks Drones: Will it increase transparency for DoD to take the Lead”, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2013/05/obama-talks-drones-will-it-increase-transparency-pentagon-take-lead)
Sarah Holewinski, executive director of the Center for Civilians in Conflict says “The
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, which does not directly answer to the American people, Holewinski says.

Tournament: JVNovice Nats | Round: 2 | Opponent: GMU JM | Judge: Vik Keenan
1AC
Observation 1 – The new way of war

Expanding war far beyond traditional boundaries and delineations, the Obama administration has steadily increased the use of drone warfare. We have transformed warfighting into an instrumentalization of populations. Unable to discern friend from foe, we see populations as groups to be collected or targets to be eliminated.
Holmqvist, 2013. (Caroline, Holmqvist. Centre for International Studies, London School of Economics, UK Swedish National Defense College, Sweden. Undoing War: War Ontologies and the Materiality of Drone Warfare. May 1, 2013. http://mil.sagepub.com/content/early  /2013/04/30/0305829813483350. P. 5-6) 

The main focus of this article, however, is on the use of combat
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testify to a similar instrumentalisation of the populations amongst whom wars are fought.

This modern population control illustrates the distance to which our will now reaches, far beyond traditional borders. The drone, the weapon of choice in a conflict of things rather than people, does not identity the individuals that it kills; it merely makes them a target, a deviation from our order which must be removed. The enemy is lost, obscured behind a wall of bureaucratic classifications. Who are we fighting?
Currier 13 (Cora Currier, Journalist, ProPublica July 26, 2013, 10:13 a.m.; http://www.propublica.org/article/how-does-the-u.s.-mark-unidentified-men-in-pakistan-and-yemen-as-drone-targ)

In a major national security speech this spring, President Obama said again and again
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the president’s constitutional power to defend the country, even without congressional authorization.

These broad methods obscure the target, stretching the limits of the target’s juridical and geographical shape, and blurring the conduct of war. Agency is lost, responsibility hidden. The fighting becomes asymmetrical: an imposition of will rather than war.
Addey et al 11 (Peter Addey, Mark Whitehead, Alison Williams et al.  "Introduction: Air-target Distance, Reach and the Politics of Verticality."  Theory, Culture and Society 28.7-8 2011).  

Perhaps as a consequence of what many refer to as Network Centric Warfare, aerial
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duty hours. Yet, they are legal combatants¶ engaging enemy targets.

Plan Text
Plan: The United States Federal Government should statutorily prohibit the use of drones for targeted killing. 

Observation 2 – The justifications of violence
The drone program is still a central piece of U.S. policy, but the more central they are, the more apparent their dangers become. From its secretive nature, a dangerous, uncontrolled technology, with the power to kill at will emerges.
Power 13, (“Confessions of a Drone Warrior” | GQ | Matthew Power, 23 October 2013)

Since its inception, the drone program has been largely hidden, its operational details
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Force as an experimental test subject in an utterly new form of warfare.
Tired of war, the administration has quietly attempted to avoid it, turning instead to a quasi-war against a mythical spector where drones are the weapon of choice. But as the drone program grows, it spirals out of our grasp. Instead of war against our enemies, we attempt to uphold a new world order. Without an enemy, we wage repression, not war…
Cronin 2013 (Professor of Public Policy at Goerge Mason University, “Why Drones Fail”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail)

The war-weary United States, for which the phrase “boots on the
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footprint in the Middle East and North Africa, not to mention the Caucasus

The idea of a universal humanity merely renders exclusions invisible and violence becomes unlimited.  In a “universal liberal utopia” enmity doesn’t disappear but just becomes “sub-human” against the “universal” order, justifying the cruelest of reprisals.   Targeted killing seeks to hunt out deviations, lyons and tigers in the wilderness and rather than limiting war, expands it to an all-encompassing project.
RASCH 2005 William Rasch, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at India Univ