Tournament: Texas Open | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Jeanette Rodriguez

1. The affirmative commodifies an essentialized notion of race to frame inequality, replicating racism and shattering class-based coalitions, ensuring the capitalist social relations that build the ghettoes and favells that imprison racialized populations become inevitable, turning the case
   Darder and Torres 99 (Antonia Darder, Professor of Educational Policy Studies and Latino/a Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Rodolpho D. Torres, Professor of Planning, Policy and Design and Political Science at UC Irvine, “Shattering the ‘Race’ Lens: Toward a Critical Theory of Racism”, Chapter 7 of the book “Critical Ethnicity: Countering the Waves of Identity Politics”, edited by Robert H. Tai and Mary L. Kenyatta,  p. 174-176)

Over the last three decades...class relations of power in society.

2. Embracing “experience” as the basis for epistemology ignores the mediated nature of experience. Experience is just another site for articulating the dominant ideology because it ignores the historical continuity of class domination in favor of a “local” understanding of oppression.
Young 6 (Robert, Red Critique, Winter/Spring, “Putting Materialism back into Race Theory”, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm)

Bourgeois philosophical assumptions...of the black (transcendental) subject.

3. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear
Foster 5 John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, “Naked Imperialism”, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm

From the longer view ...new naked imperialism.

4. The history of slavery proves that race is merely a symptom of capital—any discussion of racism must first start at the violent history of capital accumulation.
Keefer 3 (Tom, member of Facing Reality, New Socialist Magazine, January 2003, “Constructs of Capitalism: Slavery and the Development of Racism”,
http://www.newsocialist.org/magazine/39/article03.html, RSR)

The brutality and... successfully overthrow them.

5. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes
Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political... masquerades as social theory.

6. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking
Marx 1859 (Karl, a pretty important dude. “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: Preface” http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm) JM
edited for gendered language

In the social production ... framework of the old society.

Tournament: Texas Open | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Mason LK | Judge: Louie Petit
Viewing war as a one shot event is a symptom of their flawed epistemology – this means you should throw out all their impact claims: their theory ignores the militarism behind gendered identities and violence which sets the stage for militarism.

Cuomo 96 (Chris, Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and Director of the Institute for Women's Studies at the Univerity of Georgia, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence” Published in Hypatia 11.4, p. 30-46) (Ryan)

Although my position is ....solutions for social problems. 

The debate community’s obsession with nuclear annihilation instills a pre-traumatic stress that will either serve no purpose or make a nuclear annihilation even worse.
Saint-Amour 2000 (Paul, Diacritics 30.4: 59-82, in the winter edition, “Bombing and the Symptom: Traumatic Earliness and the Nuclear Uncanny,”) RCM

Zizek’s notion of the... “record that has yet to be made” 57.

The aff’s terror rhetoric creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Joseba Zulaika(, 2003, PROFESSOR, CENTER FOR BASQUE STUDIES, AT THE UNIVERSIY OF NEVADA “The self-fulfilling prophesies of counterterrorism”, Radical History Review http://rhr.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/2003/85/191.pdf, pg 191-3 ) RCM by way of DDI

In the 1980s Brian Jenkins, ... futurology are thus vindicated.

Tournament: Texas Open | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Mason LK | Judge: Louie Petit
Questions of method come first – status quo empiricism constructs an image of the world that it equates with truth. This refactors women into sex objects.

MacKinnon 82 Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An Agenda for Theory Author(s): Catharine A. MacKinnon Reviewed work(s): Source: Signs, Vol. 7, No. 3, Feminist Theory (Spring, 1982), pp. 515-544 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173853 . Accessed: 10/11/2011 16:57 University of Michigan (Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law, 1989–) York University (Professor of Law, 1988–1989) various universities (Visiting Professor, 1984–1988) University of Minnesota (Assistant Professor of Law, 1982–1984)

Through consciousness raising, ...thing with very real consequences.

The 1AC’s frame of IR Policy is inherently masculine- the plan cannot be separated from the patriarchy embedded in foreign policy.  The aff’s shift away from signature strikes will only cause an increase in targeted killing, the aff ignores the violence that will always continue in a masculine frame of security.
Tickner 1 J. Anne, prof  of IR @ USC Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era pg 52, DJ

Does the fact that...cannot be separated from political practice.

Feminist resistance to masculine IR is essential for sustained peace – without the alternative, the patriarchal drive for war ensures a spiraling continuum of armed conflict
Cockburn 10, Cynthia Department of Sociology, The City University London, UK b Centre for the Study of Women and Gender, University of Warwick, UK (2010) 'Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War', International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12: 2, 139 — 157

To summarize the ...masculinity for war.

The alternative is to reject the masculine IR logic of the affirmative in favor of a feminist perspective. Rejection of a framework that normalizes masculine warfare is critical to adopt epistemologies centered on a feminist ethic of peace
Cohn and Ruddick 3 (Carol, Researcher and Teacher at Harvard Medical Signs, and Sara, author, A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weapons of Mass Destruction, http://www.genderandsecurity.umb.edu/cohnruddick.pdf) PJ

Both in philosophy....and about the frame itself.

The War on Terrorism forces states to take responsibility for the private actions of their citizens, while still ignoring the violations of women’s human rights in the private sphere
Johnstone 9 (Rachael, Law @ U of Akureyri Iceland, Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law, p. 24-25,www.genderandsecurity.umb.edu/Feminist20Theory20and20Gender20 Studies20Archive.pdf)IM

An interpretation of the .... as though it had actively participated in the planning.

The affirmative’s drive for military security upholds institutions of hegemonic masculinity that perpetuate gender stereotypes and women’s exclusion 

Kronsell 6, Feminist Methodologies or International Relations, Annica Kronsell: Assisnt Professor of Political Science at the University of Lund, edited by Brooke A. Ackerly: Assistnat Professor in the Department of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, Maria Stern: Lecturer and Researcher at the Department of Peace and Development Research, Goteborg University, and Jacqui True: Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at the Univeristy of Auskland, New Zealand, 2006, Cambridge University Press p.111-2 

Military, defense, and security related institutions ....differentiate between possible masculinities.

Tournament: Pepperdine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sacramento State FT | Judge: Ashley Moore
Plan destroys executive commander-in-chief supremacy—cyber capabilities are the key
Lorber ’13
Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?,” 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961

Yet a surprising amount ... problematically limit their effective use.

It’s the key issue
Healey et al ‘13
Jason, Director, Cyber Statecraft Initiative, The Atlantic Council Moderator: Harvey Rishikof, Chair, American Bar Association (ABA) Advisory Standing Committee on Law and National Security; Co-chair, ABA Taskforce on Cyber and Security Speakers: Tom Bossert, President, Civil Defense Solutions; Andrew Grotto, Professional Staff Member, Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. Senate; Jason Healey, Director, Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, The Atlantic Council; Derek Khanna, Political Consultant, Former Professional Staffer, Republican Study Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, “"The Role of Congress in Cyber Conflict"

MR. HEALEY: Thank you very much. ...Congress can't have a role because it happens like that.

It’s the Litmus test for Presidential war powers authority
Lorber ’13
Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?,” 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961

Should these statutes ... useful in developing this understanding.

It’s the key future warfighting technology—the aff neuters the executive
Chen ‘12
Julia, “RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE: ACCOMMODATING THE EVOLUTION OF WAR,” 53 B.C. L. Rev 1767 November, 2012

The use of technology,... obstacle of congressional consultation. n321

Tournament: Texas Open | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Edmund Zagorin
Submitting the authority to indefinitely detain to legal restrictions legitimates the practices and subverts the question of process and rights to the laws of war.

Blank 2011 Laura, Director at the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at the Emory University School of Law, “A Square Peg in a Round Hole: Stretching Law of War Detention Too Far,” 63.4 Rutgers Law Review 1169

On March 7, 2011, ... which it is not.

The War on Terror occurs against the backdrop of the biopolitical securitization of populations.

Morrissey 2011 John, Department of Geography at the National University of Ireland, “Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror,” Geopolitics 16:280-305

What does it mean to...interventionary action.

The biopolitical management dooms us to indistinction that allows fascism, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and the horrors of the concentration camp to be made real. Although not apparent, the creation of homo sacer through biopolitics is running a hidden course like a secret river through the democratic system

Agamben 1998 Giorgio: Professor of Philosophy and Aesthetics at the University of Verona Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. P. 120-123.

1.2 Karl Lowith was the first to ...disguises we will have to learn to recognize.

The alternative is to reject their understanding of the law as an independent neutral entity with the power to restrict practices apart from practices.  Instead, we should conceive of the law and practice as co-constitutive—this opens up the space to change the relationship between lived decisionmaking and the autocracy of bureaucratic legal determinations.

Krassman 2012 Susan, Professor at the Institute for Criminological Research at the University of Hamburg.  “Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship,” Leiden Journal of International Law 25.03

Foucault did not elaborate ... a new reading of law. 

We are a prerequisite to policymaking--attempts at policymaking requires the language of law, which simply solidifies law’s claim to Truth. It is precisely in this forum that we must assert feminist epistemology.

Smart 02 (Carol, “FEMINISM AND THE POWER OF LAW,” published in a peer-reviewed series of books about the sociology of law and crime. Smart is currently a professor at the University of Manchester and holds a P.h.D. in socio-legal studies from the University of Sheffield) RCM

A main purpose of this book ...confines to insignificance.

Tournament: Pepperdine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sacramento State FT | Judge: Ashley Moore
The President of the United States should give a prompt and full account to Congress of every significant use of cyber weapons, begin an interagency process of doctrine-formation for the offensive use of cyber weapons, and publish the results.

Interagency development of cyber warfare doctrine solves the case – the U.S. is a leader, and the CP incorporates international partners
Mark Young, Special Counsel for Defense Intelligence, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 2010, National Cyber Doctrine: The Missing Link in the Application of American Cyber Power, http://jnslp.com/2010/09/29/national-cyber-doctrine-the-missing-link-in-the-application-of-american-cyber-power/
In the development of doctrine... and protect national interests.

Tournament: Pepperdine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sacramento State FT | Judge: Ashley Moore
The affirmative turns debate into “the boy who cried wolf”. Their repetition of the apocalypse reproduces the same impacts they seek to avoid, increases elite control and delegitimates their own advocacy.
De Goede and Randalls, ‘9
Marieke (Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam) and Samuel (Department of Geography, University College London), “Precaution, preemption: arts and technologies of the actionable future”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2009, volume 27, pages 859-878, RSR

Politics We have argued that preemption ... has to be cultivated that is all too often evacuated from media sensationalism. 

The alternative is to vote negative to reformulate our relationship to affect – affect is the political. The organization of the state inevitably revolves around micro-habits that serve the states’ ends. Their focus on the state-based model of fiat plays into the status quo because it refuses to question the assumptions that make bad state policy inevitable.
Livingston 12 (Alexander, Assistant Prof of Gov’t @ Cornell. postdoctoral fellow in the department of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, and a doctoral fellow at the Centre for Ethics at the University of Toronto, Avoiding Deliberative Democracy? Micropolitics, Manipulation, and the Public Sphere, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2012), pp. 269-294, Project MUSE)

Deliberative democracy is a fantasy, ... nomads and barbarians lay siege to the gates of empire.

Tournament: Texas Open | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Edmund Zagorin
Terrorism is no longer a threat

CNN 13 (Is terrorism still a threat to American, 7/19/2013, families?http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/19/is-terrorism-still-a-threat-to-american-families/)

After the September 11, 2001, ...national disaster, I don’t get it,” he said.

Only detention solves because it puts away people who are guilty by association.

Parry, Professor of Law at the Lewis and Clark Law School, ‘10
John, “LIGHT AT THE END OF THE PIPELINE?: CHOOSING A FORUM FOR SUSPECTED TERRORISTS”, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW, Vol. 156, No. 356, 2010, RSR

The other set of transsubstantive ...is a¶ better option than hybrid courts.

Terrorists can get nuclear material. 

Sturdee, AFP, ‘13
Simon, “UN atomic agency sounds warning on 'nuclear terrorism'”, Fox News, 7-1-13,
http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/01/un-atomic-agency-sounds-warning-on-nuclear-terrorism/, RSR

VIENNA (AFP) – The head of the UN ... are therefore seen as easy to steal.  

Terrorists obtain nuclear material, causes extinction.

Ayson 2010 (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington,“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July,)

A terrorist nuclear attack....This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically valid--- our authors are self-reflexive

Boyle, 08 – Michael J. Boyle, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, “A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies,” Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64

Jackson (2007c) calls for the... indictments of its own work.

Tournament: Texas Open | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Jeanette Rodriguez
Debate exacerbates these problems: the ballot writes suffering into identity and institutionalizes identity politics' dependence on suffering.  Because debate already occurs against the backdrop of oppression, privilege, and suffering, the ballot can only ever be a vehicle for revenge.
Brown 1995 Wendy, Professor of Political Science at Berkeley, States of Injury, pp. 66-74

Liberalism contains from its ... democracy's primary oppositional political formations.