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1NC
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber AH | Judge: Travis Cram FW A. Interpretation: The affirmative must present and defend only the hypothetical implementation of a topical plan
B. Violation: They claim advantages of their epistemological criticism rather than the actual passage of the plan C. Standards
Extra Topicality- the affirmative claims advantages based off discursive actions making them untopical. This places an unfair burden on the affirmative because we can’t adequately predict what the affirmative will advocate. 2. Fairness – their framework allows infinite non-falsifiable, unpredictable, totalizing, and personal claims – impossible to be neg 3. Switch-side debate – spending every round theorizing about your K is unproductive – you cannot know your argument is true unless you consider both sides of it 4. No offense – you can read this arg when you’re negative – to win this round, they have to prove why reading this aff and not being topical is good 5. Theres’s a topical version of the plan: Ban Drones 6. Topicality before advocacy – vote negative to say that you think they are not topical, not that you don’t believe in their project D. Framework is a voter for fairness and education
Exposing the flaws of the system does nothing – real change must start with the state Johnston 5 (Adrian, Dept of Philosophy, New Mexico University, International Journal of Zizek Studies, Vol. 1)JFS However, the absence of this type of Lacan-underwritten argument in Žižek’s socio AND in the streets, then why dirty one’s hands bothering with the latter?
Failure to engage in the political process will result in the takeover by the extreme right, leading to discrimination and war worldwide. Rorty 98 (prof of philosophy at Stanford, Richard, 1998, “achieving our country” pg. 89-94)JFS Many writers on socioeconomic policy have warned that the old industrialized democracies are heading into AND everywhere and nowhere, as evanescent and insistent as a resourceful spook."10
Role-playing is key to democratic decision-making and empowers individuals Rawls 99 (John, Professor Emeritus – Harvard University, The Law of Peoples, p. 54-7) Developing the Law of Peoples within a liberal conception of justice, we work out AND , for in that case it would be incompatible with freedom of speech. Role-playing solves political apathy and reinvigorates personal politics – turns the K Mitchell 2k (Gordon, Director of Debate and Professor of Communication – U. Pittsburgh, Argumentation and Advocacy, Vol. 36, No. 3, Winter)JFS When we assume the posture of the other in dramatic performance, we tap into AND that highlight this component of students' self-identities carry significant emancipatory potential.
CP CP Text: The USfg should ban drones Targeting killing is bad Shaw, Graaham, and Majed ’12. Shaw, Ian Graham, and Akhter AND of targets to be destroyed as soon as it can be made visible.
Security is loaded in favor of the state that the state will constantly find ways to securitize, we need to get rid of drones all together so the drone is not available for the state to use Neocleous 08. (Mark Neocleous is a Professor of the critique of Political Economy at Brunel University, UK and a member of the Editorial Collective of “Radical Philosophy”. Critique of Security. 185)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is AND consider if we want a political way out of the impasse of security.
1NC (Long Version)
Intellectuals on the left have been critical in normalizing the economic structure of capitalism while criticizing the textures and contours of the system – they preclude the fundamental reality that all social dynamics rely on the mode of production and not the other way around. Ebert and Zavarzadeh 8(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, “Class in Culture”, p. 36-38)
The cultural activism of capital against labor, however, was not limited to conservative AND all economic forms of society. (Marx, Capital l, 176). 2. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear
From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the AND needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.
3. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes
Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory. 4. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions
Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)
If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which AND force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 5. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking
In the social production of their existence, people inevitably enter into definite AND conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.
Case The critique of drone technology fetishizes an authentic human experience which denies the benefits of technology. Muqawama 13 (Abu Muqawama, Center for a New American Security "Nature's Not In It: A Special In Memoriam," 5/26/13 http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/2013/05/natures-not-it-special-memoriam.html) Running through much common misunderstanding of drones, autonomous weapons ,and modern warfare is AND urgency, or moral outrage" has robbed them of their very essence. Literature and psychological bias runs towards threat deflation- we are the opposite of paranoid Schweller 4 Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject. AND domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
Rejecting the use of state power kills solvency Hawkes 87 (Dr. Glenn. W. Hawkes, Executive Director, Parents, Teachers and Students for Social Responsibility, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, “Sex, power, and nuclear language,” Sept., v43, no.7, pg. 59-60 TBC 6/30/10) My third concern is with Conns call for "alternative voices." I agree that AND at the same time developing the political clout needed to change national policy.
Empiricism is the only objective method for the evaluation of truth-claims—other methodologies are non-falsifiable and should be rejected Benson 06 Ophelia, editor of the website Butterflies and Wheels and deputy editor of The Philosophers' Magazine “Why Truth Matters,” p 63-64 The basic claim of Strange Weather is that science’s authority, status, prestige, AND we always see in epistemic relativism is here in its most obvious form.
Rejection of science means the elites control knowledge production, destroys technological progress Sokal 08Alan Sokal, Dept. of Physics at NYU and Dept. of Mathematics at University College London, 2/27/08, “What is science and why should we care?”, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/sense_about_science_PUBL.pdf Statements as clear-cut as these are, however, rare in the academic AND of the powerful, delighted to monopolize these instruments for their own use. Emphasis on language means an ignorance of concrete reality and is a refusal of true engagement. Taft-Kaufmann, 95. Jill (professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts Central Michigan), Other Ways: Postmodernism and Performance Praxis in Southern Communication Journal, 1930-3203, Volume 60, Issue 3, 26-27 If the lack of consistency between postmodernism's self-styled allegiance to the oppositional and AND task of envisioning and working towards concrete social goals (Merod, 1987). Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures Tuathail, 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct) While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history. recognizing international relations is socially constructed is useless—changing representational practices doesn’t alter the material reality of state practices or help create better policy for the oppressed Jarvis, 00 (Darryl, lecturer in IR at the University of Sydney, International relations and the challenge of postmodernism, 2000, p. 128-130)
Perhaps more alarming though is the outright violence Ashley recom-mends in response to AND talcen care of these ontological dilemmas that otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40
9/14/13
1NC NSC CP
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia | Judge: Glen Frappier Text: The United States Congress should establish a National Security Court with sole jurisdiction over cases pursuant to Section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012. The NSC is the best option solves the stigma of detention while preserving national security. Kimery, Homeland Security Today's Online Editor and Online Media Division manager, ‘9 Anthony, draws on 30 years of experience and extensive contacts as he investigates homeland security, counterterrorism and border security, citing Glenn Sulmasy, first permanent commissioned military law professor at the Coast Guard Academy, where he is a Professor of Law teaching international, constitutional, and criminal law, "The Case For A 'National Security Court'", December 3, www.hstoday.us/blogs/the-kimery-report/blog/the-case-for-a-national-security-court/a9333d82c11cecd35e74c8c0b65c2698.html “The administration is now fully aware that this is a vastly complex issue AND national security, and still garner and maintain international support for our efforts.”
9/29/13
1NC Round 3 UMKC Gonzaga SF
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga SF | Judge: Joel Lemeul T A. Interp: War Powers Authority refers to capacities explicitly granted by Congress – that means the aff must restrict authority under the WPR, AUMF, or NDAA
“War Powers” refer to Congressional abilities – Presidential CINC powers are distinct Gallagher 11 served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, Pakistan-Afghanistan Coordination Cell (Joseph V. III, Parameters, Summer 2011, pp. 23-24, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/ Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf) First, consider the constitutional issue of power imbalance. Central to the Constitution is AND —those who would ultimately sacrifice their blood and treasure in the effort. The Constitution, on the other hand, vaguely delegates authority to execute foreign policy AND , (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 217. 2. Authority means expressly granted – assertions by the president don’t count Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275) U.S.N.Y. 1867. Under the federal judiciary act AND . 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829 B. Violation – the aff seeks to restrict a power unrelated to War Powers Authority and one which the president himself has renounced C. Reasons to prefer
Predictable ground Our interpretation limits the aff to 3 definitive congressional acts that authorize presidential action: the NDAA, the AUMF, and the WPR. All negative link arguments stem from congressional retraction of authorization for the President. 2. Explodes the topic – Existing executive assertions of power allow the President to ignore all laws – the aff could pass new restrictions on literally anything Schwarz, senior counsel, and Huq, associate counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, 2007 Frederick A.O., Jr., partner at Cravath, Swaine and Moore, chief counsel to the Church Committee, and Aziz Z, former clerk for the U.S. Supreme Court, Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror, p. 153 Familiar failings from the Cold War era and earlier history returned to haunt the nation AND founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.
Can skip #3 for time 3. Makes the topic bidirectional - The War Powers Resolution proves that “restrictions” on undelegated powers are a massive increase in Presidential authority by licensing unconstitutional behavior. Woods 06 Senior fellow in American history at the Ludwig von Mises Institute (Thomas E., Jr., "The War Powers Resolution Fraud." February 4, http://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/02/ thomas-woods/the-war-powers-resolution-fraud/ Congress did pass the War Powers Resolution, to be sure. But if anything AND fixed law, despite violating the letter and the spirit of the Constitution. D. Topicality is a voting issue for Fairness and Education.
DA Michigan’s affirmative action ban in Schuette will remain in place now – Kennedy’s the swing vote and agrees with the power of the popular referendum. Gringlas and Shahin, 6-26 Sam and Peter, Staff Reporters, “Ann Arbor reacts to monumental Supreme Court decisions”, 6-26-13, The Michigan Daily, http://www.michigandaily.com/news/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-0?page=0,2, RSR While the case concerns the legality of Michigan’s ban on affirmative action, it deals AND be difficult to imagine the Supreme Court striking down the referendum in Schuette.” A decision regarding indefinite detention would spark massive backlash – past decisions and the status quo prove. Devins, Goodrich Professor of Law and Professor of Government, College of William and Mary, ‘10 Neal, “Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants”, Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 2010, RSR Throughout the course of its enemy combatant decision making, the Court has moved incrementally AND its muscles without meaningfully undermining the policy preferences of the President and Congress. Controversial decisions burn capital – justices need to pick their fights. Grosskopf and Mondak, ‘98 Anke (Assistant Prof of Political Science @ Long Island University) and Jeffrey (Professor of Political Science @ U of Illinois), 1998, “Do attitudes toward specific supreme court decisions matter? The impact of Webster and Texas v Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court” Political Research Quarterly, vol. 51 no 3 633-54 The existence of a strong link between basic values and diffuse support does not necessarily AND to Supreme Court decisions affects institutional support may shape what answer we find. Judicial capital is key to uphold the ban – otherwise Kennedy will vote switch and stick with precedent to preserve Court legitimacy. Smith, PoliSci @Akron, 1992 Christopher E. Smith, Pol. Sci. @ Akron, Fall 1992 “SUPREME COURT SURPRISE: JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY'S MOVE TOWARD MODERATION” 45 Okla. L. Rev. 459 There is, of course, no way to know with certainty why Justice Kennedy AND determine the out- comes of cases when the Court is deeply divided. Upholding the ban is key to preserve states’ rights and federalism. Bursch, et al, ‘12 John (Michigan Solicitor General); Bill Schuette (Attorney General); Eric Restuccia (Deputy Solicitor General); and Aaron Lindstrom (Assistant Solicitor General), “PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI”, November 2012, RSR Second, this case involves a constitutional amendment enacted by public initiative. As the AND accorded to state constitutional provisions, certiorari is appropriate to review their annulment. Federalism solves heg Nivola 10 (Pietro, The American Interest, “Rebalancing American Federalism”, March/April, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787) Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its AND , an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies. Heg solves war Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads) Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 1NC CP
The 38 most likely states will send their state legislators to meet in a limited article V Constitutional Convention to propose an amendment to the constitution of the United States to overturn and officially disavow the Supreme Court decision in Korematsu v. the United States.
The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land—must be followed Natelson, 04 (Robert G Natelson, Professor of Law at the University of Montana and senior fellow at the Goldwater Institute; Buffalo Law Review 10777 2004) The drafters of the constitution included several provisions designed to promote and enforce the duty AND , or otherwise in violation of, the rules of the trust. n286 1NC (Long Version)
Their focus on political change masks a strategy of reformism that is coopted into replicating captial’s control Meszaros 6 (Istvan, “Structural Crisis of Politics,” Monthly Review, September, Proquest)
In the meantime so many grave problems are crying out for genuine solutions which could AND time. This question of why is what I wish to pursue now. 2. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear
From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the AND needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.
3. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes
Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory. 4. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions
Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)
If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which AND force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 5. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking
In the social production of their existence, people inevitably enter into definite AND conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.
Slaughterhouse K Time is a block that makes suffering meaningless Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, http://literature2.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/slaughterhouse-five.pdf, 1969) 'The most important thing I learned on Tralfamadore was that when a person dies AND string, and that once a moment is gone it is gone forever. 'When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in a bad condition in that particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is "so it goes."' The Alternative is to reject the Affirmative Only by embracing the deterministic nature of events can we eliminate epistemic suffering Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, http://literature2.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/slaughterhouse-five.pdf, 1969)
Billy expected the Tralfamadorians to be baffled and alarmed by all the wars and other AND
Ignore the awful times, and concentrate on the good ones.'
Case
TURN – Court rulings increase executive power – SC supremacy over WPA disengages the public, leads to inevitable expansion Kleinerman, 2009 Benjamin, Ph.D. in Political Science from Michigan State University, The Discretionary President: The Promise and Peril of Executive Power, p. 16-17 Instead, my book aims, by recovering the proper notion of executive discretion, AND these legislative elites and the executive emerges through political conflict and constitutional contestation. This constitutional contestation, as we will also see, however, depends on a AND , they may not even notice when the elite legislative signaling has disappeared. TURN – Courts can’t divide powers – during a crisis it will fold and legalize broad executive powers Kleinerman, 2009 Benjamin, Ph.D. in Political Science from Michigan State University, The Discretionary President: The Promise and Peril of Executive Power, p. 14-17 However, there are many who want to view the constitutional separation of powers legalistically AND Constitution war powers expansively and flexibly, thereby 'normalizing' exceptional emergency powers."63 Plan sets the precedent for courts to make war time rulings – that leads to massive expansions in presidential power Kleinerman, Ph.D. in Political Science from Michigan State University, 2009 Benjamin, The Discretionary President: The Promise and Peril of Executive Power, p. 242-243 Ian Zuckerman suggests that this problem is compounded by the fact that the courts, AND dangerous precedents Locke shows are so problematic in the realm of executive discretion.
Deferring action to the court causes deferential rulings like Korematsu Kleinerman, Ph.D. in Political Science from Michigan State University, 2009 Benjamin, The Discretionary President: The Promise and Peril of Executive Power, p. 241-242 By claiming the necessity of national security, the courts would legalize the extraordinary discretion AND "military necessity" insofar as it is invoked as a legal defense. If the courts are the sole arbiters of the Constitution, they assign to themselves AND where, by its own admission, it is in over its head.
Court rulings overcorrect – give congress too much power, ruins crisis response Kleinerman, Ph.D. in Political Science from Michigan State University, 2009 Benjamin, The Discretionary President: The Promise and Peril of Executive Power, p. 230-232 In fact, Marshall went even one step further. In Brown v. United AND , our investigation of its use during the Civil War suggests its problems.
Supreme Court rulings about the legality of executive discretion prevent citizen contests of presidential power Kleinerman, Ph.D. in Political Science from Michigan State University, 2009 Benjamin, The Discretionary President: The Promise and Peril of Executive Power, p. 231-232 This dispute in Brown between two of our constitutional luminaries illustrates well the difficulties of AND the authority to exercise power into a legal dispute over that authority.35
Using imperialism as a focus point kills any chance at change —capital is transnational and imperialism is a byproduct - this ends any chance at a perm and makes the impacts worse by affirming institutions of global capital. Robinson 7 (Professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, William, 2007, “Beyond the Theory of Imperialism: Global Capitalism and the Transnational State” Societies Without Borders, 2 (2007) 5-26 p. 9-16, RSR)
Harvey offers no explicit conception of the state but he acknowledges that state behavior has AND claim that the US state functions to serve (US national) capital. 2. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear
From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the AND needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.
3. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes
Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory. 4. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions
Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)
If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which AND force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 5. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking
In the social production of their existence, people inevitably enter into definite AND conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.
10/19/13
Case v coloniality 1AC
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: UTSA CR | Judge: Eisenstadt Epistemology doesn’t determine reality – we can have a flawed epistemology but still prescribe good actions. Wight, University of Exeter School of Humanities and social sciences politics department, ‘7 Colin, “Inside the epistemological cave all bets are off” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/jird/jird_200703_v10n1_d.pdf, p.43-46, accessed 10-22-11, TAP In some respects, this might seem to place me close to the position that AND in unforeseen ways, again often irrespective of our descriptions of them. 19 Prioritizing epistemology reifies, rewards extremism and causes self-serving scholarship. Lake, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California – San Diego, ‘11 David, “Why ‘‘isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress”, International Studies Quarterly, 2011, 55, 465-480, RSR The question of epistemology in international studies suffers from the same pathologies for theories outlined AND the divide without finding the causal claims on the other side especially satisfying. Images of suffering only create pity – which foregoes all opportunities to have any true relationship with the victims outline in 1ac Bruckner 1986 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 77-79 We all know that newsmaking follows the lure of trouble, and broadcasting means telling AND hopeless choice, and represents nothing but two aspects of the Western imagination.
The act of pity takes out solvency Bruckner 1986 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 49-50 The result is a terrible paradox. The more widespread hunger is, the greater AND . When catastrophe becomes an everyday thing, it ceases to be catastrophe.
Their obsession with the Guilt of the West eliminates all value to life; culminates in self-destruction Bruckner 1986 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 63-66 For the prophets of guilty conscience, the tireless sowers of discontent, this disquiet AND of the earth. The future of the West is self-destruction.
Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants. Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning. Lantis 8 (Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor in the Department of Political Science and Chair of the International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature”, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/ thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf)
Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third important set of active AND topic, the development of empathy, and acquisition and retention of knowledge.
10/19/13
Constitutional Amendment CP
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia | Judge: Glen Frappier Text: The United States Congress should amend the Constitution of the United States to make the authority to indefinitely detain unconstutional. Congressional amendments solve over-expansion of presidential war powers Miksha 2003(Andre, J.D., Chief Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for the Government of Hamilton County, "Declaring War on the War Powers Resolution", Valparaiso University Law Review, Vol. 37, Number 2) A third major problem with the Resolution is that the world is a very different AND because the change would be sought and affected through proper constitutional means. 198
9/29/13
FW
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: UTSA CR | Judge: Eisenstadt A. Our interpretation is that the affirmative should have to instrumentally defend the institutional implementation of a topical plan. B. Violation – the aff doesn’t defend a plan. C. Best for fairness.
Plan focus is the only predictable way of affirming the resolution. Philosophical and theoretical concerns certainly play into the ways that policies are made, but the resolution only calls for us to defend and/or question political-institutional implementations of these kinds of concerns. 2. Plan focus is the only way to ensure a fair division of ground. The affirmative has the advantage of trying to solve the most heinous problems of the status quo—without plan focus, debates devolve into whether or not things like racism, sexism, classism, or homophobia are good or bad. While problems are often less contestable, solutions to these problems are—we can debate about whether or not a particular proposal will fix or worsen these problems and proffer our own solutions. D. Best for education:
Their infatuation to theoretical purity makes political and institutional engagement impossible. Political engagement is always cast against the theoretical purity of abstract philosophizing. This also turns their argument because, despite their radical aspirations, critique smuggles metaphysical distinctions between thinking and acting, purity and impurity, and truth and falsity into the judge’s decisionmaking calculus. Yar 2k (Majid, Ph.D in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, “Arendt's Heideggerianism: Contours of a `Postmetaphysical' Political Theory?,” Cultural Values, Volume 4, Issue 1, January, Academic Search Complete)
Similarly, we must consider the consequences that this 'ontological substitution' for the essence of AND politics of any other practical and normative ends in the process.21 2. The political is value to life—it is how originally solipsistic lives become incarnate and real to themselves. Arendt 1958 Hannah, The Human Condition, pp. 196-199 The original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailty had been the foundation of the AND like a dream, intimately and exclusively our own but without reality.29 3. No solvency for their critique without institutional focus. We must try to change policy in order to change the world—the concentration of power in the hands of political elites is inevitable, so we must work within that system to check oppression and violence. Themba-Nixon 2k Makani, Executive Director of the Praxis Project, Colorlines 3.2, pg. 12
The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is AND should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.
10/19/13
Judicial Capital DA
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia | Judge: Glen Frappier Bond challenged the CWC on both narrow grounds and a broad interpretation that the law violated the constitution Fidler 8-28 (David, James Louis Calamaris Professor of Law at the Indiana University School of Law, “SCOTUS and the CWC: A Challenge to the U.S. CWC Implementation Act”, Amicus Brief in Bond v. United States http://originalismblog.typepad.com/the-originalism-blog/2013/09/another-notable-amicus-brief-in-bond-v-united-statesmichael-ramsey.html, 2013) PY And now for something completely non-Syrian that still involves chemical weapons. In AND explain the reasons why the terms of the treaty were intentionally made expansive.”
Court rules narrowly now – avoids constitutionality questions of the CWC Ramsey 9-8 ( Michael D., professor of Law and Director of International and Comparative Law Programs at the University of San Diego School of Law, “Another Notable Amicus Brief in Bond v. United States”) In noting the principal amicus briefs in Bond v. United States, I overlooked AND that is to¶ read the treaty narrowly not to reach local conduct.
The court has the votes to make an aggressive ruling – effectively guts the Treaty Clause Baldi 13 (Maxwell, President of the Foreign Affairs Society, “Federalism: Treaty Power under the Necessary and Proper Clause”, http://foreignaffairsreview.co.uk/2013/02/treaty-power-federalism/) PY The underlying question the Court will address in Bond II is, thus, ‘ AND nearly unbounded federal power through treaties. The Court may rule by June.
Liberal decisions provide court conservatives capital for broad ruling Hasen 2013 (Richard L., professor of law and political science at the U.C. Irvine School of Law, “Same-sex marriage: Court on the couch”, March 26th, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/03/26/same-sex-marriage-court-on-the-couch/) PY Consider last year, when Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts, for example, AND to hear this week could doom affirmative action and the Voting Rights Act.
Broad ruling guts the CWC – collapses credibility of enforcement Trapp et al 13 (Ralf, former member of the German delegation to the Organisation of the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Julian Robinson, retired professor of law at the University of Sussex, Thomas Graham Jr., former Special Representative of the President for Arms Control, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, Graham Pearson, visiting professor of International Security in the Division of Peace Studies of the University of Bradford, Guy Roberts, Deputy Assistant Secretary of and General for Weapons of Mass Destruction Policy for NATO, Ame E. Smithson, PhD and Senior Fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, David A. Koplow, former Special Counsel for Arms Countrol to the General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Defense, Barry Kellman, Director of the International Weapons Control Center at DePaul University College of Law, David P. Fidler, James Louis Calamaras Professor of Law at Indiana University, “BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE CHEMICAL WEAPONS ONVENTION NEGOTIATOR AND EXPERTS IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT Bond v. United States, http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Amicus-Brief1.pdf) Bond argues that failure to prosecute her individual ¶ case would not bring down any AND exceptions, in future cases in the U.S. and abroad.
Collapses global arms controls on chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons Trapp et al 13 (Ralf, former member of the German delegation to the Organisation of the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Julian Robinson, retired professor of law at the University of Sussex, Thomas Graham Jr., former Special Representative of the President for Arms Control, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, Graham Pearson, visiting professor of International Security in the Division of Peace Studies of the University of Bradford, Guy Roberts, Deputy Assistant Secretary of and General for Weapons of Mass Destruction Policy for NATO, Ame E. Smithson, PhD and Senior Fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, David A. Koplow, former Special Counsel for Arms Countrol to the General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Defense, Barry Kellman, Director of the International Weapons Control Center at DePaul University College of Law, David P. Fidler, James Louis Calamaras Professor of Law at Indiana University, “BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE CHEMICAL WEAPONS ONVENTION NEGOTIATOR AND EXPERTS IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT Bond v. United States, http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Amicus-Brief1.pdf) Finally, Congress recognized that national and ¶ international consistency in CWC implementing legislation ¶ AND adoption of domestic legislation to subject ¶ individual conduct to penal measures.21
Impact is extinction – collapse of CWC leads to great power wars, regional conflict and collapse of global cooperation Muller 2k (Dr. Harold, Director of the Peace Research Institute-Frankfurt and Professor International Relations at Goethe University Compliance Politics, “A Critical Analysis of Multilateral Arms Control Treaty Enforcement”, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/72muell.pdf) PY In this author’s view, at least four distinct missions continue to make arms control AND are made empty shells by repeated breaches and a lack of effective enforcement.
9/29/13
Judicial Deference DA
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia | Judge: Glen Frappier Judicial deference is high – there’s strict adherence to the political question doctrine Bradley 9-2 (Curtis A., William Van Alstyne Professor of Law – Duke Law School, “War Powers, Syria, and Non-Judicial Precedent,” Lawfare Blog, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/war-powers-syria-and-non-judicial-precedent/) As an initial matter, we need to bracket the issue of whether Obama’s action AND that might have motivated Obama to go to Congress with respect to Syria. Despite need for reforms, courts should still defer in military and prison issues Solove 96 (Daniel J., George Washington University Law School, Faith Profaned: The Religious Freedom Restoration Act and Religion in the Prisons, The Yale Law Journal, http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/dsolove/files/RFRA-Prisons.pdf, p. 481) ap In creating RFRA, Congress attempted to establish a balance that would provide robust protection AND expertise and authority of military and prison officials will be necessarily undermined." 178
Non-deferential judicial review kills military readiness Chensey 9 (Robert M. is a Professor at University of Texas School of Law, NATIONAL SECURITY FACT DEFERENCE, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, 17 September 2009, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/95/1361.pdf, pg. 1426-1428) Advocates of deference at times also emphasize the collateral ¶ consequences that non-deferential AND ¶ substitutes for evidence that must be withheld on secrecy ¶ grounds.222
Military readiness key to heg Donnelly 3 (Thomas, resident fellow at AEI, The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine, February 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/) ap The preservation of today's Pax Americana rests upon both actual military strength and the perception AND in part on a logic of preemption that underlies the logic of primacy.
Heg solves nuclear war. Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads) Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
9/29/13
Lawfare K
Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas CB | Judge: Chris Crowe Submitting the authority to indefinitely detain to legal restrictions legitimates the practices and subverts the question of process and rights to the laws of war. Blank 2011 Laura, Director at the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at the Emory University School of Law, “A Square Peg in a Round Hole: Stretching Law of War Detention Too Far,” 63.4 Rutgers Law Review 1169 On March 7, 2011, President Obama issued Executive Order 13,567, AND ordinary course of the business of armed conflict, which it is not. The War on Terror occurs against the backdrop of the biopolitical securitization of populations. Morrissey 2011 John, Department of Geography at the National University of Ireland, “Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror,” Geopolitics 16:280-305 What does it mean to place ‘life’ at the centre of political inquiry? AND modalities of power and management on the ground for any future interventionary action. The biopolitical management dooms us to indistinction that allows fascism, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and the horrors of the concentration camp to be made real. Although not apparent, the creation of homo sacer through biopolitics is running a hidden course like a secret river through the democratic system Agamben 1998 Giorgio: Professor of Philosophy and Aesthetics at the University of Verona Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. P. 120-123. 1.2 Karl Lowith was the first to define the fundamental charac¬ter of totalitarian AND modernity, whose metamorphoses and disguises we will have to learn to recognize. The alternative is to reject their understanding of the law as an independent neutral entity with the power to restrict practices apart from practices. Instead, we should conceive of the law and practice as co-constitutive—this opens up the space to change the relationship between lived decisionmaking and the autocracy of bureaucratic legal determinations. Krassman 2012 Susan, Professor at the Institute for Criminological Research at the University of Hamburg. “Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship,” Leiden Journal of International Law 25.03 Foucault did not elaborate on a comprehensive theory of law – a fact that critics AND norms proves to be a tool for introducing a new reading of law.
1/4/14
NSC CP, terror NB
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal GW | Judge: Andy Larson Text: The United States Congress should establish a National Security Court with sole jurisdiction over cases pursuant to Section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012. The NSC solves the aff while preventing the release of dangerous terrorists. Sulmasy, Commander and associate professor of law at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, ‘9 Glenn, The National Security Court System: A Natural Evolution of Justice in an Age of Terror, Oxford University Press, 2009, RSR Boumediene placed civilian judges with oversight of military detention. Within the civilian law context AND otherwise would be to ensure acquittals in virtually all cases against the detainees. Nuclear terrorism is possible and leads to extinction. Dvorkin 12 (Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimir, The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
10/20/13
PQD Judicial Deference
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal GW | Judge: Andy Larson Judicial deference on detention high now – solely presidential discretion. Thomas Eddlem 7/19/13, writer for The New American, “ NDAA Indefinite Detention Without Trial Approved by Appeals Court,” http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/16026-ndaa-indefinite-detention-without-trial-approved-by-appeals-court The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second District struck down an AND to be all-encompassing and subject solely to the president's discretionary whims. Reducing court deference breaks the political question doctrine Lederman 11 (Martin, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, “War, Terror, and the Federal Courts, Ten Years After 9/11: Conference*: Association of American Law Schools' Section on Federal Courts Program at the 2012 AALS Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C.,” American University Law Review, June, 61 Am. U.L. Rev. 1253, Lexis) Number two: Numerous very important, contested, hotly debated topics have arisen in AND the federal courts have been too timid or too aggressive in this area. Setting a precedent against the PQD spills over to climate change cases---litigants are turning to the Courts now and asking them to abrogate the PQD Tribe, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School, ‘10 Laurence H., Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf Two sets of problems, one manifested at a microcosmic level and the other about AND cases demonstrates, the political question doctrine is feeling heat from both directions. That crushes global coordination necessary to solve climate change. Tribe, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School, ‘10 Laurence H., Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf But that being said, if the Second Circuit was implying that such claims are AND the climate of the times and its implications for how we govern ourselves. Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction Flournoy 12 -- Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight AND , Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11 In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA AND simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 )
10/20/13
Risk K
Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal GW | Judge: John Kephart The aff’s production of risk is used to maintain the stranglehold of expertism that decides the future of government policy. They prop up social inequalities around us and normalize every day violence that occurs around us in the name of market opportunities. Beck, Professor of Sociology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, ‘92 Ulrich, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Published in association with Theory, Culture and Society, pgs. 44-46, RSR (We do not endorse the ableist language) Inequalities in class and risk society can therefore overlap and condition one another: the AND open up between those who produce risk definitions and those who consume them. The alternative is to rethink the risk society – developing alternative frames that reject expertism and future risks is key to prevent the aff from becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy. Beck, Professor of Sociology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, ‘92 Ulrich, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Published in association with Theory, Culture and Society, pgs.175-176, RSR Thus there are fundamentally two options confronting each other in dealing with civilizational risks: AND of cement in the structure of civilization for potentials of self-endangerment.
1/3/14
T--authority
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal GW | Judge: Andy Larson Authority means “authorization” – topical affirmatives must remove the permission to act, not just regulate the President Hohfeld, Yale Law, 1919 (Wesley, http://www.hku.hk/philodep/courses/law/HohfeldRights.htm) Many examples of legal powers may readily be given. Thus, X, the AND , go far toward clearing up certain problems in the law of agency. Restriction on authority must reduce permission to act Lobel, 8 - Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School (Jules, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War” 392 OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL Vol. 69:391, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf) So too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held AND decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64 Violation – the plan reviews Obama’s detention policy and rules that some people should be released – he still retains the authority to indefinitely detain, it’s just now subject to new enforcement mechanisms. Prefer our interp – Limits – infinite ways to regulate presidential actions – explodes number of affs by allowing for small changes to reporting mechanisms. It skirts core topic discussions about the presidential authority because the aff focuses on corrections to specific instances of presidential authority without changing the legal structure for that authority – that’s key to every process CP and DAs. Voter for fairness and education.
10/20/13
Wendy Brown K
Tournament: Cal | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fullerton RG | Judge: Jared Anderson When the white gaze apprehends suffering, this takes place against a backdrop of disciplinarity wherein suffering is commodified and exchanged against the white subject’s inability to be anything other than white. The suffering of the other becomes an empty receptacle for white fantasy whereby we disavow institutional investments which are constructed out of suffering. As long as discourses are arranged according to the illusion of authenticity and as long as our politics are hierarchialized according to the way that they penetrate to the truth of cultural identities, the basic structure of hegemonic imperialism which retains the power to discipline these identities remains intact. Debate exacerbates these problems: the ballot commodifies identities and arranges them according to the most “authentic” experiences of suffering and cultural identity. Bowman 2010 Paul, professor of cultural studies at Cardiff University. “INTRODUCTION Rey Chow and postcolonial social semiotics,” Social Semiotics 20.4 A confession: a predictable confession. Part of me feels like a joke, AND vital. Such is the orientation of Rey Chow’s ongoing body of work.
Identity politics are parasitically attached to the very oppression that they try to overcome. Formulating politics in terms of identity and suffering turns their argument because identity itself is ontologically and psychologically dependent on suffering and evil. Politics becomes revenge against the agents of suffering rather than creating political spaces in which suffering can be overcome. Despite all aspirations to radicality, identity politics remains mired in a thoroughly liberal, modernist conception of the subject: that the essence of one is basically free and historical accident sometimes intrudes upon that freedom, that the Good derives from actualizing this freedom, that this freedom is an exercise of our essential natures rather than politically contingent accidents of power. Debate exacerbates these problems: the ballot writes suffering into identity and institutionalizes identity politics’ dependence on suffering. Because debate already occurs against the backdrop of oppression, privilege, and suffering, the ballot can only ever be a vehicle for revenge. Brown 1995 Wendy, Professor of Political Science at Berkeley, States of Injury, pp. 66-74 Liberalism contains from its inception a generalized incitement to what Nietzsche terms ressentiment, the AND is reiterated in the investments of late modern democracy’s primary oppositional political formations.
1/19/14
affirmative action Judicial Capital DA
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal GW | Judge: Andy Larson Michigan’s affirmative action ban in Schuette will remain in place now – Kennedy’s the swing vote and agrees with the power of the popular referendum. Gringlas and Shahin 13 Sam and Peter, Staff Reporters, “Ann Arbor reacts to monumental Supreme Court decisions”, 6-26-13, The Michigan Daily, http://www.michigandaily.com/news/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-0?page=0,2, RSR
While the case concerns the legality of Michigan’s ban on affirmative action, it deals AND be difficult to imagine the Supreme Court striking down the referendum in Schuette.” A decision regarding indefinite detention would spark massive backlash – past decisions and the status quo prove. Devins 10 Neal, Goodrich Professor of Law and Professor of Government, College of William and Mary,“Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants”, Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 2010, RSR
Throughout the course of its enemy combatant decision making, the Court has moved incrementally AND its muscles without meaningfully undermining the policy preferences of the President and Congress. Controversial decisions burn capital – justices need to pick their fights. Grosskopf and Mondak 98 Anke (Assistant Prof of Political Science @ Long Island University) and Jeffrey (Professor of Political Science @ U of Illinois), 1998, “Do attitudes toward specific supreme court decisions matter? The impact of Webster and Texas v Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court” Political Research Quarterly, vol. 51 no 3 633-54
The existence of a strong link between basic values and diffuse support does not necessarily AND to Supreme Court decisions affects institutional support may shape what answer we find. Judicial capital is key to uphold the ban – otherwise Kennedy will vote switch and stick with precedent to preserve Court legitimacy. Smith 92 Christopher E. Smith, Pol. Sci. Professor @ Akron, Fall 1992 “SUPREME COURT SURPRISE: JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY'S MOVE TOWARD MODERATION” 45 Okla. L. Rev. 459
There is, of course, no way to know with certainty why Justice Kennedy AND determine the out- comes of cases when the Court is deeply divided. Upholding the ban is key to preserve states’ rights and federalism. Bursch, et al 12 John (Michigan Solicitor General); Bill Schuette (Attorney General); Eric Restuccia (Deputy Solicitor General); and Aaron Lindstrom (Assistant Solicitor General), “PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI”, November 2012, RSR
Second, this case involves a constitutional amendment enacted by public initiative. As the AND accorded to state constitutional provisions, certiorari is appropriate to review their annulment. Federalism is key economic consolidation--which is vital for economic growth Calebresi 95 (Stephen, Associate Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. B.A. 1980, J.D. 1983, Yale, “Reflections on United States v. Lopez: "A government of limited and enumerated powers: in defense of United States v. Lopez,” 94 Mich. L. Rev. 752, Michigan Law Review, December, lexis, AD: 7/5/9) LS A third related advantage is that international federations can undertake a host of which there AND and even the running of some kinds of income and wealth redistribution programs. Economic collapse causes global nuclear war. Friedberg and Schoenfeld, ‘8 (Aaron Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html)
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture AND of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.
