Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Petit, Smelko, McCaffrey
The United States Federal Government should require Congressional approval prior to the introduction of United States Forces into interstate conflict. 

The CP is the best balance – it solves the aff by affording Congress its constitutional role but maintains a rapid response and preemption capability for the President to deal with 4th generation warfare threats – impact is extinction.
Li 2009 Zheyao, JD Candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare, The Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 7, p. 401-402
Conclusion
While the advent of fourth-generational warfare has dramatically altered the international order,
AND
prosperity of the United States in the twenty-first century and beyond.

The counterplan is textually and functionally competitive – armed conflict has an international and non-international component – we pic out of the latter
ICRC 8 (How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law?
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Opinion Paper, March 2008, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/opinion-paper-armed-conflict.pdf, da 3-29-14) PC
The States parties to the 1949 Geneva Conventions have entrusted the ICRC, through the
AND
conflict to another, depending on the facts prevailing at a certain moment.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: Fresno HT | Judge: Michael Eisenstadt
The aff’s presentation of suffering creates a marketplace of trauma transforming wounds into a commodity for western consumption. Their reductionism of native suffering exists by turning the other into a faceless object through which we can construct a sentimental economy of pleasure and pacification.  The aff is a form of empathetic identification which is a process of deathmaking which ensures the smooth functioning of imperialism.
Berlant 1999 Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics” in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat and Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 49-54
Ravaged wages and ravaged bodies saturate the global marketplace in which the United States seeks
AND
as ethically uncontestable legitimating devices for sustaining the hege¬manic field.9

The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear
Foster 5 John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, “Naked Imperialism”, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm
From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

Debate exacerbates these problems: the ballot writes suffering into identity and institutionalizes identity politics’ dependence on suffering.  Because debate already occurs against the backdrop of oppression, privilege, and suffering, the ballot can only ever be a vehicle for revenge.
Brown 1995 Wendy, Professor of Political Science at Berkeley, States of Injury, pp. 66-74
Liberalism contains from its inception a generalized incitement to what Nietzsche terms ressentiment, the
AND
is reiterated in the investments of late modern democracy’s primary oppositional political formations.

Their identity politics assumes the universal communicability of trauma which reinforces legal imperialism. The alternative is to rethink within a frame of “I want” rather than “I am”.
Berlant 1999 Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics” in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat and Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 70-76
In Griswold,I have argued, we see codified the assurance of some jurists
AND
think that the moment of its gestation is, indeed, life itself.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Counterplan Text: The United States federal government should fully fund a program to cover at least 4.8 of the surface of the Earth’s oceans in a monolayer of 0.1 ?m diameter latex particles, either hollow, or of core-shell morphology, bearing a conventional stabilization system that is inactivated in salt water. The USFG should substantially increase National Environmental Policy Act restrictions on biodefense and bioweapons labs and also create an agency responsible for tracking and assessing the risks of labs engaged in bioengineering. 

CP solves warming and only costs $2 billion
Morgan 11 – (10/8/11, John, PhD in physical chemistry, runs RandD programmes at a Sydney startup company, research experience in chemical engineering in the US and at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national science agency, “Low intensity geoengineering – microbubbles and microspheres,” http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/08/low-intensity-geoengineering-microbubbles-and-microspheres/)
Is there another way to look at this? The Achilles heel of the hydrosol
AND
reefs as envisaged by Seitz for the microbubble concept, are also possible.

Second plank solves bioterrorism.
THEIR AUTHOR Wilson 13 (Grant Wilson, Deputy Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School, “Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 31 Va. Envtl. L.J. 307, 2013)
The same report also concluded that no single U.S. agency is responsible
AND
"44 labs in 24 states," including at high-security labs.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Counterplan Text: The United States federal government should fully fund a program to cover at least 4.8 of the surface of the Earth’s oceans in a monolayer of 0.1 ?m diameter latex particles, either hollow, or of core-shell morphology, bearing a conventional stabilization system that is inactivated in salt water. The USFG should substantially increase National Environmental Policy Act restrictions on biodefense and bioweapons labs and also create an agency responsible for tracking and assessing the risks of labs engaged in bioengineering. 

CP solves warming and only costs $2 billion
Morgan 11 – (10/8/11, John, PhD in physical chemistry, runs RandD programmes at a Sydney startup company, research experience in chemical engineering in the US and at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national science agency, “Low intensity geoengineering – microbubbles and microspheres,” http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/08/low-intensity-geoengineering-microbubbles-and-microspheres/)
Is there another way to look at this? The Achilles heel of the hydrosol
AND
reefs as envisaged by Seitz for the microbubble concept, are also possible.

Second plank solves bioterrorism.
THEIR AUTHOR Wilson 13 (Grant Wilson, Deputy Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School, “Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 31 Va. Envtl. L.J. 307, 2013)
The same report also concluded that no single U.S. agency is responsible
AND
"44 labs in 24 states," including at high-security labs.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Binghamton PC | Judge: Max Bugrov

1. Embracing “experience” as the basis for epistemology ignores the mediated nature of experience. Experience is just another site for articulating the dominant ideology because it ignores the historical continuity of class domination in favor of a “local” understanding of oppression.
   Young 6 (Robert, Red Critique, Winter/Spring, “Putting Materialism back into Race Theory”, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm)

Bourgeois philosophical assumptions haunt the Afrocentric project and, in the domain of black feminist
AND
humanist) scholars through the invocation of the black (transcendental) subject.

2. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear

Foster 5 John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, “Naked Imperialism”, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

3. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes

Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

4. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions

Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which
AND
force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 

5. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking

Marx 1859 (Karl, a pretty important dude. “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: Preface” http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm) JM
edited for gendered language

In the social production of their existence, people inevitably enter into definite
AND
conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 8 | Opponent: UNLV JS | Judge: Brian McBride
The United States Congress should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations or their heirs that waives the United States’ sovereign immunity and state secrets privileges and confers exclusive jurisdiction over such suits upon the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. 

The CP solves the aff, preserves executive flexibility and overcomes the government’s ability to assert state secret privileges.
Vladeck 14 Stephen Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law. “Targeted Killing and Judicial Review” http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Vladeck-Response-Piece.pdf
As noted above,70 such review is best provided after the fact, rather
AND
regard to the state secrets privilege, which Congress could otherwise abrogate.85

The plan forces the court to issue death warrants— destroys their legitimacy, the CP is in keeping with existing precedent which preserves it
Taylor 13 (Paul, is a Senior Fellow, Center for Policy and Research. Focus on national security policy, international relations, targeted killings, and drone operations. “Former DOD Lawyer Frowns on Drone Court,” http://centerforpolicyandresearch.com/2013/03/23/former-dod-lawyer-frowns-on-drone-court/)
First, Johnson notes, as others have, that judges would be loath to
AND
, an organization which deals with this issue as a matter of course).

Weakening the court prevents sustainable development
Stein 5—Former Judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal and the New South Wales Land and Environment Court Justice Paul Stein (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Specialist Group on the Judiciary), “Why judges are essential to the rule of law and environmental protection,” Judges and the Rule of Law: Creating the Links: Environment, Human Rights and Poverty, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 60, Edited by Thomas Greiber, 2006
The Johannesburg Principles state: “We emphasize that the fragile state of the global
AND
is, we must not shirk our duty. Pg. 53-54

Extinction of all complex life
Barry 13—Political ecologist with expert proficiencies in old forest protection, climate change, and environmental sustainability policy  Dr. Glen Barry (Ph.D. in "Land Resources" and Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development” from the University of Wisconsin-Madison), “ECOLOGY SCIENCE: Terrestrial Ecosystem Loss and Biosphere Collapse,” Forests.org, February 4, 2013, pg. http://forests.org/blog/2013/02/ecology-science-terrestrial-ec.asp
Blunt, Biocentric Discussion on Avoiding Global Ecosystem Collapse and Achieving Global Ecological Sustainability Science
AND
across scales when enough life is lost beyond thresholds, living systems die.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Stephanie Spies
Farm bill will pass now – compromise is close and the budget gave it momentum.
Urban 12/29 (Peter, Stephens Washington Bureau, “Congress to return with full plate of leftovers,” Arkansas News, 2013, http://arkansasnews.com/news/arkansas/congress-return-full-plate-leftovers.)
WASHINGTON — After a brief year-end break, Congress will return to work
AND
together to get things done,” Obama said in a recent radio address.

Having to defend authority saps Obama’s PC.
Kriner 10 Douglas L. Kriner (assistant professor of political science at Boston University) “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69.
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena. 

Obama’s PC is key to a compromise – it’s necessary to bridge gaps between the multiple versions of the bill.
Hildebrant, 11-17
Dale, 11-17-2013, “Farm Bill Conference Committee wants to finish by Thanksgiving,” Minnesota Farm Guide, http://www.minnesotafarmguide.com/news/regional/farm-bill-conference-committee-wants-to-finish-by-thanksgiving/article_2e07f0b2-4d4a-11e3-9894-001a4bcf887a.html
Little has been heard from the Farm Bill Conference Committee since its opening session on
AND
believes that President Obama’s intervention will prove useful in getting the issue resolved.

New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike
Nelson 10/17/13 Joe Nelson, writer for WEAU news, “Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill,” http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html
With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be
AND
could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Stephanie Spies
The aff’s congressional restraints spill over to destabilize all presidential war powers.
Heder, J.D., magna cum laude , J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ’10
Adam, “THE POWER TO END WAR: THE EXTENT AND LIMITS OF CONGRESSIONAL POWER,” St. Mary’s Law Journal Vol. 41 No. 3, http://www.stmaryslawjournal.org/pdfs/Hederreadytogo.pdf
This constitutional silence invokes Justice Rehnquist’s oftquoted language from the landmark “political question”
AND
Constitution in an area where the Framers themselves declined to give such guidance. 

Perception of weak Presidential crisis response collapses heg.
Bolton, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, ‘9
John, Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our
AND
the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. 

Heg solves nuclear war.
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Binghamton PC | Judge: Max Bugrov
A. Our interpretation is that the affirmative should have to advocate a restriction on the president’s war powers authority in one or more of the following areas: indefinite detention, targeted killing, offensive cyber operations or the introduction of armed forces into hostilities.  

B. Violation – the aff doesn’t advocate a restriction of the president’s war powers authority.

Reasons to prefer - 

1. Subverting the topic destroys debate as a point of contestation – it’s now impossible to have a meaningful dialogue over the aff.
   Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
   Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
   AND
   particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
Steinberg 8, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

2. Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

3. Attempting to “tear down the system” and build something completely new is little more than abstract and apolitical moralism and idealism. The best way to solve for the modernity/coloniality project is via transformation of exiting democratic institutions.
Dussel, Argentine-Mexican writer and post-occidental/Decoloniality philosopher, 2008 (Enrique, Twenty Theses on Politics)

The question of whether or not it is possible to “change the world¶
AND
orientation that follows from the postulate of the 'dissolution of¶ the State."¶

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman EK | Judge: Stephen Weil
Immigration reform passage likely- GOP support growing, activism, legalization compromises and leadership from Obama.
Lopez, 1-1
Oscar, “New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014”, 1-1-14, Latin Times,
http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778, RSR
Immigration reform is set to be the key issue of 2014. Following Mitt Romney's
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

Having to defend authority saps Obama’s PC.
Kriner 10 Douglas L. Kriner (assistant professor of political science at Boston University) “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69.
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena. 

Political capital is key
Orlando Sentinel 11-1-13 "What we think: It'll take both parties to clear immigration logjam" articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-11-01/news/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031_1_immigration-reform-comprehensive-reform-house-republicans
For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
AND
earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president's message.

Immigration reform key to US lead on biotech innovation
Scullion ’13 (Christine, “Manufacturers Take the Lead In STEM Education”, January 8, http://www.shopfloor.org/2013/01/manufacturers-take-the-lead-in-stem-education/27254, CMR)
The U.S. the leading producer of cutting-edge products such as
AND
the right time will ensure that the US remains a global innovation leader.

Biotech innovation key to solve bioterror
Chyba and Greninger, 4 - Co-Director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford Institute for International Studies, and an Associate Professor at Stanford University
Christopher and Alex, “Biotechnology and Bioterrorism: An Unprecedented World” Survival, 46:2, Summer 2004 

In the absence of a comprehensive and effective system of global review of potential high
AND
dramatic results through biological programmes and would choose to direct their efforts elsewhere. 

That results in extinction.
Steinbruner 97 John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac

Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons
AND
for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Tiffany Dillard-Knox
The use of the term ‘Islamophobia’ implies a prejudice toward mental illness and levels a variety of different types of oppression, turning any political potential for the 1AC
Richardson 9 (Robin Richardson, Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited, London, 2009,
http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim-racism.pdf, da 12-26-13) PC
The disadvantages of the term Islamophobia are significant. Some of them are primarily ¶
AND
¶ most Muslims – and, therefore, dread or hatred of Islam’. 

The alternative is to adopt the term “anti-Muslimism”—that’s a better way to situate our ideological relationship with the Middle East
Saeed, Senior Lecturer in Media and Cultural Studies – University of Sunderland, ‘7
(Amir, “Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media,” Sociology Compass Volume 1, Issue 2, p. 443-462, November)
Halliday (1996, 160), however, notes that a distinction must be made
AND
fear of Islam as a religion not fear of the people who follow Islam

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Petit, Smelko, McCaffrey
New moves to take authority from Obama and put it in Congress’ hands will cause an Israel strike against Iran
Kramer ‘13 (Martin, president of Shalem College in Jerusalem, Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong, Commentary, 2013, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/)
The Wall Street Journal ran a symposium over the weekend about world reactions to Obama’s
AND
in the future, it is quite likely Israel would do the same.

Israel strike causes global great power war.
Rafael Reuveny 10, PhD, Professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, "Unilateral Strike on Iran could trigger world Depression", Op-ed distributed through McClatchy Newspaper Co, http://www.indiana.edu/~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wichita State MO | Judge: Josh Miller
Presidential war powers authority captures the legal system—statutory and judicial restrictions on the president only serve to legitimate state monopolies on violence which make the worst atrocities possible.
Morrissey 2011 John, Department of Geography at the National University of Ireland, “Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror,” Geopolitics 16:280-305
Nearly two centuries ago, Prussian military strategist, Carl von Clausewitz, observed how
AND
transfers of U.S. personnel to the International Criminal Court”.90 

The alternative is to reject their understanding of the law as an independent neutral entity with the power to restrict practices apart from practices.  Instead, we should conceive of the law and practice as co-constitutive—this opens up the space to change the relationship between lived decisionmaking and the autocracy of bureaucratic legal determinations.
Krassman 2012 Susan, Professor at the Institute for Criminological Research at the University of Hamburg.  “Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship,” Leiden Journal of International Law 25.03
Foucault did not elaborate on a comprehensive theory of law – a fact that critics
AND
norms proves to be a tool for introducing a new reading of law.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton RS | Judge: Ewing, Wash, Schultz
The aff’s commitment to attaching ourselves to structures outside of ourselves replicates the same affect of belonging that maintains liberalism. Their optimistic belief that merely changing the way that society is structured can lead to some change promotes the same obstacle to one’s desires. We should not try to confirm the system by trying to change the system but rather turn inwards to confirm of the centrality of our own desires.
Berlant, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, ‘11
Lauren, Cruel Optimism, Duke University Press, pg. 223-228, 2011, RSR
Intensely political seasons spawn reveries of …sustain many kinds of the cruelest optimism.
A search for the true meaning of history is pointless. There is no true essence; rather, objects always succumb to the movement of history, which is what we should analyze.
 -History own meaning for us
Foucault, French historian and philosopher, ‘77
Michel, “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History”, In Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, edited by D.F. Bouchard, Ithica, Cornell University Press, RSR
Why does Nietzsche challenge the pursuit …would seek its soul in the dis¬ tant ideality of the origin.
The aff is ressentiment – the aff forces us to relieve history as they will us backwards towards that which cannot be changed. Debate exacerbates these problems; the ballot writes structures it into our identity and institutionalizes politics’ dependence on it. The ballot then becomes a vehicle for revenge in belonging to it.
Brown 1995 Wendy, Professor of Political Science at Berkeley, States of Injury, pp. 66-74
Liberalism contains from its inception a generalized …in the investments of late modern democracy’s primary oppositional political formations.
Presenting Native scholarship through damage narratives is a double erasure that’s implicated in Settler colonialism—academia ventriloquizing the speaking subaltern fits neatly in a scheme of self-aggrandizement and voyeurism.  Vote negative to refuse academic research of native pain
Tuck and Yang, ‘14
 -Knowledge of the other must be refused – knowing allows conquering.
 -Intellectuals will speak for the other and reinterpret the other – academy bad.
 -Pain narratives fix pain into identity – prevent movements beyond it.
-Desire centered frameworks understand pain exist but do not center it – focus on future and past.
Eve (Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz. Earned her Ph.D.in Urban Education at The Graduate Center, The City University of New York in 2008) and K Wayne (Ph.D., 2004, Social and Cultural Studies, University of California, Berkeley), “R-Words: Refusing Research, pg. 225-231, RSR
Under coloniality, Descartes’ formulation, cognito ergo sum …this metanarrative of damaged communities and White progress.
We must move to a politics of post sentimentality. The impossibility to move beyond history does not mean that history has to define us. Instead, we should move our demands to the now and away from a historical reading of who we are.
Berlant, ‘98
Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “Poor Eliza,” American Literature, Vol. 70, No. 3, No More Separate Spheres! (Sep., 1998), Duke University Press, pg. 635-668, RSR
Written in 1949, Baldwin's exhortation to refuse to …-perhaps, as Sethe says, "No more running-from nothing.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Christian Bato
Text: The United States federal government should grant a newly established National Security Court exclusive jurisdiction over the legal status of individuals indefinitely detained under the War Powers authority of the President of the United States. 

The court preserves national security while sending an international signal
Sulmasy 6 (Commander and associate professor of law at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy,
Glenn, “THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE AFTER HAMDAN:¶ THE CREATION OF HOMELAND SECURITY¶ COURTS”, NEW ENG. J.INT'L and COMP.L., Vol. 13, RSR
Article I judges with law of armed conflict expertise would proceed¶ over the trials
AND
¶ colleagues, this proposal certainly requires further elaboration prior to¶ implementation.
Comparatively better for terrorism – civilian trials make effective CT impossible. 

Harvey, et al, ‘9
Albert (Chair¶ Standing Committee on¶ Law and National Security¶ American Bar Association); Suzanne Spalding (Advisory Committee Chair¶ Standing Committee on¶ Law and National Security¶ American Bar Association); Richard Friedman (President and Chair¶ National Strategy Forum); M.E. Spike Bowman (Distinguished Fellow¶ University of Virginia School of Law); Deborah Pearlstein (Visiting Scholar¶ Program in Law and Public Affairs¶ Princeton University); Peter Raven-Hansen (Professor of Law¶ George Washington University Law ¶ School); and Harvey Rishikof (Professor of Law and National Security ¶ Studies¶ National War College), “Trying Terrorists ¶ in Article III Courts ¶ Challenges and Lessons Learned”, American Bar Association Standing Committee on ¶ Law and National Security, National Strategy Forum, McCormick Foundation, RSR
First, the disclosure of evidence in some terrorism trials may force a ¶ decision
AND
can intensify some of the discovery and foreign affairs challenges facing the government.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Binghamton PC | Judge: Max Bugrov
The aff’s politics of personal identity forecloses any possibility real social change. If you are concerned with real bodies in pain and suffering, effective advocacy demands that you move beyond yourself to understand the structures in society that make these impacts inevitable. Vote negative to reject this myopic brand of politics.
Minow 97 Martha, Not Only For Myself: Identity, Politics, and the Law, Professor of Law @ Harvard, p. 56-57
Identity politics tends to locate the problem in the identity group rather than the social
AND
same time, produce purposes or causes that effectively mobilize people against oppression.

The affirmative’s focus on personal narratives and experiences creates a therapeutic model of debate that merely counsels the individual victims of oppression. This locates the cause of problems and solutions within the self, which invites political inaction and leaves structural causes of oppression untouched as long as we have adopted their method. This effectively absolves intellectuals of responsibility for racism while allowing it to thrive.
Tonn 5 – assoc. prof of comm. @ u of Maryland
(Mari, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 8.3 (2005) 405-430)
Approaching public controversies through a conversational model informed by therapy also enables political inaction in
AND
get 'rid' of responsibility for racism while doing nothing to solve it."77 

This means the affirmative actively provides fuel to the fire of hegemonic debate practices. As long as the community provides an avenue for self-expression, the issue is resolved. This actively discourages structural solutions to problems of inequality because it makes narrative as a sufficient remedy.
Tonn 5 – assoc. prof of comm. @ u of Maryland
(Mari, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 8.3 (2005) 405-430)
Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational, personal,
AND
defenders of the status quo to admonish citizens to "heal" themselves.

Their politics of resistance are politically amorphous. They refuse to be tied down to particular strategies and are more concerned with what they stand against than what they stand for. This is a focus on personal empowerment rather than wider social change, which builds up the legitimacy of liberalism by providing venues for the subject to assert him or herself. The affirmative ensures that everyone feels empowered, but nobody actually is.
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley
(Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3)
For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other modalities of domination,
AND
so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Petit, Smelko, McCaffrey
Tea party candidates are losing now – but they can still bounce back – new studies prove. The primaries are the litmus test of their influence.
Cillizza, 3-19
 -Influence waning now – polls prove.
 -Can regain influence because it is the main challenger to Republican incumbents.
 -The test is this primary because winning sustains a movement.
Chris, “Lots of tea party candidates are running. But, they’re not winning.”, The Washington Post, 3-19-14,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/03/19/lots-of-tea-party-candidates-are-running-but-theyre-not-winning/, RSR
Republican Senate Leader Mitch McConnell has declared open war on outside groups -- like the
AND
. The tea party is not immune from that iron-clad rule.

Plan’s a wedge issue that causes Tea Party success in the midterms as rank-and-file GOP voters rebel against establishment candidates.
Silver, ‘13
Nathaniel, an American statistician and writer who analyzes in-game baseball activity and elections, June 11, 2013, 538 – NYT, Domestic Surveillance Could Create a Divide in the 2016 Primaries, http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/domestic-surveillance-could-create-a-divide-in-the-2016-primaries/?_r=0
A poll released on Monday by the Pew Research Center and The Washington Post found
AND
Obama will very likely remain quite popular among Democrats three years from now.

Tea party win collapses any legislative solutions to solve warming.
Cousins, ‘13
Farron, “Tea Party Holding GOP Back On Climate Change”, Desmogblog, 11-5-13,
http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/11/05/tea-party-holding-gop-back-climate-change, RSR
The Republican Party has always been a little reluctant to side with science and accept
AND
of that particular faction are being dictated by the dirty energy industry itself.

Legislative action on climate solves extinction.
Khosla, ‘9
Ashok, IUCN President, International Union for Conservation of Nature, A new President for the United States: We have a dream, 1-29-09, http://cms.iucn.org/news_events/?uNewsID=2595
A rejuvenated America, with a renewed purpose, commitment and energy to make its
AND
of pollutants from our wasteful industries, construction, agriculture and transport systems.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Stephanie Spies
The aff’s production of risk is used to maintain the stranglehold of expertism that decides the future of government policy. They prop up social inequalities around us and normalize every day violence that occurs around us in the name of market opportunities.
Beck, Professor of Sociology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, ‘92
Ulrich, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Published in association with Theory, Culture and Society, pgs. 44-46, RSR (We do not endorse the ableist language)
Inequalities in class and risk society can therefore overlap and condition one another: the
AND
open up between those who produce risk definitions and those who consume them.

The alternative is to rethink the risk society – developing alternative frames that reject expertism and future risks is key to prevent the aff from becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Beck, Professor of Sociology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, ‘92
Ulrich, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Published in association with Theory, Culture and Society, pgs.175-176, RSR
Thus there are fundamentally two options confronting each other in dealing with civilizational risks:
AND
of cement in the structure of civilization for potentials of self-endangerment.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Michael Bausch
The affirmative turns debate into “the boy who cried wolf”. Their repetition of the apocalypse reproduces the same impacts they seek to avoid, increases elite control and delegitimates their own advocacy.
De Goede and Randalls, ‘9
Marieke (Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam) and Samuel (Department of Geography, University College London), “Precaution, preemption: arts and technologies of the actionable future”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2009, volume 27, pages 859-878, RSR
Politics We have argued that preemption in contemporary security practice, and precaution in contemporary
AND
has to be cultivated that is all too often evacuated from media sensationalism. 

Their discourse and representations matter – they are the basis for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse the way the 1AC was constructed.
Elliot, ‘12
Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside, Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online, RSR
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his
AND
others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.

The alternative is to refuse the framing of the 1AC for a new form of political representations - 

We must be able to debate the terms of our debates – otherwise planning becomes apolitical turning any portable value to debate.
Metzger, Division of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, ‘11
Jonathan, “Neither revolution, nor resignation: (re)democratizing contemporary planning praxis: a commentary on Allmendinger and Haughton's ``Spatial planning, devolution, and new planning spaces''’, Commentary, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2011, volume 29, pages 191-196, RSR
Now, though, it appears as if the pendulum has swung the other way
AND
is reduced to little else than pseudodemocratic window dressing of dominant corporatist interests.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 8 | Opponent: UNLV JS | Judge: Brian McBride
A. Interpretation
Restrictions are prohibitions --- topical affs must change what actions are allowed. Enforcing status quo authority is not enough.
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Authority is granted permission
Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

B. Violation – the aff doesn’t restrict president’s legal authority for targeted killing. 

C. Reason to prefer

1. Neg ground---only prohibitions on particular authorities guarantee links to every core argument like flexibility and deference. Judicial review is a mechanism of enforcement, not restriction.

2. Limits---there are an infinite number of small hoops they could require the president to jump through---overstretches our research burden

3. The aff makes the topic bidirectional – empirically supervision requirements expands the president’s war powers authority.
Woods 06 Senior fellow in American history at the Ludwig von Mises Institute (Thomas E., Jr., "The War Powers Resolution Fraud."  February 4, http://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/02/ thomas-woods/the-war-powers-resolution-fraud/
Congress did pass the War Powers Resolution, to be sure. But if anything
AND
fixed law, despite violating the letter and the spirit of the Constitution.

D. Voter for fairness and education.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman EK | Judge: Stephen Weil
Interpretation: Targeted killings are strikes carried about against pre-meditated, individually designated targets---signature strikes are distinct.
Anderson, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, ‘11
Kenneth, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, “Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ‘Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters,” August 29 2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
will not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue.

Violation – The aff restricts signature strikes; these are not targeted killing.
Prefer our interp – allowing signature strikes in the topic destroys predictability, limits, and precision by allowing in mass attacks against enemy combatants and all kinds of air power weapons platforms
Anderson, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, ‘11
Kenneth, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, “Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare,” Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124

Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the
AND
than individualized “high value” targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.

D. T is a voter in order to preserve fairness and education

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Vandy SW | Judge: Bricker, S Herndon, Kearney
A. Interpretation and violation – 

1. Introducing “armed forces” only refers to human troops, not weapons systems – only we have intent to define
   Lorber, 13 - J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science (Eric, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?” 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, January, lexis)
   As is evident from a textual analysis, n177 an examination of the legislative history
   AND
   is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution. 

2. They don’t restrict a presidential authority – creating the military and deciding which weapons are available is Congressional authority.  The president’s authority to conduct war remains the same, just with different weapons
Yoo 02  GW Bush’s Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, US Justice Department  (John, Applying the War Powers Resolution to the War on Terrorism, Senate Judiciary Comm, April 17, 2002, S. HRG. 107–892. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107shrg85888/pdf/CHRG-107shrg85888.pdf, p. 11) PC

Of course, as the President has the constitutional authority to engage U.S
AND
the power of the sword, Congress has the power of the purse.

3. Their restriction takes place before the hostilities – ‘Hostilities’ doesn’t apply to accidental conflict
Koh, 11, - Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, professor of law at Yale (LIBYA AND WAR POWERS HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JUNE 28, 2011, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg68241/html/CHRG-112shrg68241.htm)
Third, the risk of escalation is limited: U.S. military operations
AND
forces. See Grimmett, supra note 15, at 16-18. 

Vote negative:

1. Limits – Restrictions on war powers could include restrictions on any weapons system – nuclear weapons, land mine bans, cluster bombs, chemical weapons – it’s why we need a ‘human’ limit
   Lobel, 8 -  Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School (Jules, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War” 392 OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL Vol. 69:391, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf)
   The third theory—based on the distinction between general rules and specific tactics—
   AND
   real problem of determining the respective powers of Congress and the President.43

2. Ground – troops are the true controversy:
Lorber, JD University of Pennsylvania, January 2013
(Eric, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?” 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, Lexis)
The broad purpose of the Resolution aimed to prevent the large-scale but unauthorized
AND
deployment of U.S. personnel, not weapons, into hostilities.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Collin Roark
A. Interp: War Powers Authority refers to capacities explicitly granted by Congress – that means the aff must restrict authority under the WPR, AUMF, or NDAA

1. “War Powers” refer to Congressional abilities – Presidential CINC powers are distinct
   Gallagher 11 served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, Pakistan-Afghanistan Coordination Cell (Joseph V. III, Parameters, Summer 2011, pp. 23-24, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/ Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf)
   First, consider the constitutional issue of power imbalance. Central to the Constitution is
   AND
   , (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 217.

2. Indefinite Detention means detaining an arrested person without a trial
US LEGAL 13 US Legal Forms Inc., Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/
Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or
AND
indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act. 

C. Reasons to prefer

1. Predictable ground
   Our interpretation limits the aff to 3 definitive congressional acts that authorize presidential action: the NDAA, the AUMF, and the WPR. All negative link arguments stem from congressional retraction of authorization for the President.

2. Explodes the topic – Existing executive assertions of power allow the President to ignore all laws – the aff could pass new restrictions on literally anything
Schwarz, senior counsel, and Huq, associate counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, 2007 Frederick A.O., Jr., partner at Cravath, Swaine and Moore, chief counsel to the Church Committee, and Aziz Z, former clerk for the U.S. Supreme Court, Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror, p. 153
Familiar failings from the Cold War era and earlier history returned to haunt the nation
AND
founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.

D. Topicality is a voting issue for Fairness and Education

Process education—this isn't a framework argument, it’s a call for specificity on debating the presidency—it’s a prior question to informed criticism
Mucher, 12 “Malaise in the Classroom: Teaching Secondary Students about the Presidency” Stephen Mucher is assistant professor of history education in the Master of Arts in Teaching Program at Bard College, http://www.hannaharendtcenter.org/?p=7741
Contemporary observers of secondary education have appropriately decried the startling lack of understanding most students
AND
And that reality alone suggests that study of the presidency does indeed matter.

Agreement is intrinsic in debate; if there is no agreement on initial terms then debate loses all value
Shively 2k Ruth Lessl Shively 0, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 181-2
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Clarion PS | Judge: Rob Mulholland
Trade promotion authority will pass now despite Reid’s opposition – it’s key to global free trade.
Seher, 2-2
Jason, “Kerry, Hagel rebuke Reid on fast-track trade bill”, 2-2-14, CNN
http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/02/01/kerry-hagel-rebuke-reid-on-fast-track-track-bill/, RSR
(CNN) - Even old friends have occasional disagreements. In a rare joint
AND
each other - culturally, trade, commerce, exchanges," Hagel said.

Congressional debate over the plan tanks agenda
Kriner, 10
(Douglas, Assistant professor of poly sci at Boston University, “After the
Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec
1, 2010)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact,¶ congressional criticism saps
AND
its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the¶ international arena.

Political capital is key.
Wall Street Journal, 1-28
“Obama's Trade Test”, 1-28-14,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304347904579312942307977408, RSR
President Obama says free-trade deals with Asia and Europe are a top priority
AND
far outsourced the job to U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman.

Free trade prevents multiple scenarios for world war and WMD Terrorism
Panzner 2008
Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” pg. 136-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wichita State MO | Judge: Josh Miller
Constraining targeted killing destroys its role in the war on terror.
Beres 11
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, “After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 93
Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
AND
, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.

The risk of a nuclear terror attack is high now.
Matthew, et al, 10/2/13  Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School andCo-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html
I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
AND
the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.

Nuclear terrorist attack results in extinction.
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically valid---our authors are self-reflexive
Boyle, 08 – Michael J. Boyle, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, “A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies,” Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the basis
AND
community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 8 | Opponent: UNLV JS | Judge: Brian McBride
Ex ante judicial review makes effective drone ops impossible---even limiting the court to vetting names in advance compromises the timelines of operations
James Oliphant 13, Deputy Editor, the National Journal, J.D. from the Ohio State University Morrill College of Law, 5/30/13, “Vetting the Kill List,” National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404
Civil libertarians and even hawks such as former Rep. Jane Harman of California,
AND
, because approving surveillance is related to Fourth Amendment protections on search warrants.

Targeted killing’s vital to CT – prevents complex WMD plots.
Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end
AND
acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.

Nuclear terrorist attack results in extinction.
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wichita State MO | Judge: Josh Miller
The Executive branch should publicly articulate its legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, including the process and safeguards in place for target selection. 

Disclosing target criteria builds credibility, enacts domestic accountability, and doesn’t link to the terror disad.
McNeal, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, ‘13
Gregory, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Related to defending the process, and using performance data is the possibility that the
AND
better diplomatic footing, and would certainly engender mechanisms of domestic political accountability.

Strongly err neg---their authors don’t understand how thorough and effective inter-executive mechanisms are---adding transparency’s clearly sufficient  
McNeal, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, ‘13
Gregory, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
To date scholars have lacked a thorough understanding of the U.S. government’s
AND
independent review can enhance the already robust accountability mechanisms embedded in current practice.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Christian Bato
The plan’s restrictions on the military cause global mission failure.
Ford, 10 – Fred K., U.S. Army Judge Advocate General Corps (“Keeping Boumediene off the Battlefield: Examining Potential Implications of the Boumediene v. Bush Decision to the Conduct of United States Military Operations,” Pace Law Review, vol 30, is 2, Winter 2010, http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037andcontext=plr)
III. Boumediene in Bagram and on the Battlefield Boumediene, and the potential extension
AND
for fratricide, enemy advantage, or worse—mission failure and defeat.

The perception of collapsing capability ensures deterrence failure and war
Spencer 2k Jack Spencer – Senior Research Fellow for The Heritage Foundation, September 15, 2000, “The Facts About Military Readiness”, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2000/09/bg1394-the-facts-about-military-readiness
U.S. military readiness cannot be gauged by comparing America's armed forces with
AND
from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.

These conflicts escalate and go nuclear without US military superiority to cap escalation
Bosco, 06  (David, senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, Los Angeles Times, “Could This Be the Start of World War III?”, 7/23, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-op-bosco23jul23,0,7807202.story?coll=la-opinion-center)
IT WAS LATE JUNE in Sarajevo when Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
AND
not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Stephanie Spies
The executive branch should request Congressional authorization prior to initiating military use of force. The executive branch should comply with Congress’s determination.

Presidential practice is the only effective check – plan and perm will be disregarded
Weiner, JD from Vanderbilt University, 2007
(Michael, “A Paper Tiger with Bite: A Defense of the War Powers Resolution,” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf)
In practice the WPR limits presidents’ outrageous unilateral uses of force. While critics of
AND
, this Note now surveys post-1973 presidential unilateral uses of force.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman EK | Judge: Stephen Weil
CP Text: The Executive branch of the United States should limit targeted killings to individuals who U.S. officials claim are being targeted, provide a public accounting of how it meets the principles of distinction and proportionality that the Obama administration claims, review its current policy whereby the executive authority for drone strikes is split between the CIA and JSOC, provide information to the public, Congress and UN special rapporteurs on what procedures exist to prevent harm to civilians, ban the use of signature strikes and never conduct non battlefield targeted killings without an accountable human being authorizing the strike.

Self-Restraint solves
Zenko 13 (Micah, Dr. Zenko is a Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No.65, January 2013, Reforming US Drone Strike Policies, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf)
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
AND
in warfare in response to ground-based antiaircraft fire or aerial combat).