Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Kanellopoulos

1AC

The upsurge of Anti-Muslim rhetoric has turned the political sphere into an echo chamber of racism, sacrificing any remaining semblance of critical thought on the altar of bipartisanship.

Giroux 11
Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, formerly Boston University, Miami University, Penn State University, "Breivik's Fundamentalist War on Politics, and Ours," August 3, http://www.truth-out.org/breiviks-fundamentalist-war-politics-and-ours/1312390288

The tragic slayings in Norway raise anew serious questions about domestic terrorism and its roots
AND
can flourish, politics becomes a noble practice and democracy has a future. 

This is evident in status quo detention policy. Indefinite detention represents an attempt to single out, debase and eradicate Muslim culture.

Elver, Research Professor of Global Studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, ‘12
Hilal, “Racializing Islam Before and After 9/11: From Melting Pot to Islamophobia”, TRANSNATIONAL LAW and CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, Vol. 21, Spring 2012, RSR

The combination of prolonged illegal detention, a new interpretation of ¶ torture, and
AND
abundant evidence that racial ¶ subordination of the Iraqi people was common knowledge. 

Our detention policy is founded upon the basis of racial profiling. It creates a perpetual security state that dehumanizes the Brown Other.

Butler, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley, ‘3
Judith, “INDEFINITE DETENTION”, La Rivista del Manifesto, Numero 35, 2003, RSR

The license to brand and categorize and detain on the basis of suspicion alone,
AND
photos released by the Department of Defense of the shackled bodies in Guantanamo.

Debate reinforces this by privileging seeking truth through rational forms of deliberation divorced from social conditions.  This props up the centralized, secular state, which discriminates against followers of so-called “irrational religions” in the name of stability.  Even institutional appeals to religious tolerance are used to demobilize opposition and preserve the state’s power.

Asad 93 (Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam, Johns Hopkins University Press - A (1993), http://100.markelmore.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/05/01_asad_Genealogies-of-Religion_-all.pdf, da 11-15-13) PC

The rationality of criticism, according to Kant, consists in the fact that the
AND
to many non-Enlightenment states. Among them is contemporary Saudi Arabia.

Specifically, debate’s focus on policy action is a manifestation of epistemic racism that reasserts the superiority of Western institutions and norms over Islamic thought and recreates the racial profiling responsible for detention

Grosfoguel 10 (Ramo?n Grosfoguel, Epistemic Islamophobia and Colonial Social Sciences, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self- Knowledge: Vol. 8: Iss. 2, Article 5, 2010, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol8/iss2/5, da 11-15-13) PC

The importance of this discussion about epistemic Islamophobia is that the latter is manifested in
AND
, its easy association with “terrorism” and representation as “terrorist.”

Western epistemology relies on the Cartesian construction of a subject who views arguments from the point-zero perspective, separating their truth-claims from their point of view – this roots knowledge production in the perspective of the Western conqueror, which causes the Islamic Other to be framed as inferior and makes racist policies inevitable.

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

Occidentalism created the epistemic privilege and hegemonic identity politics of the West from which to
AND
1979) and they contribute to the Western arrogant dismissal of Islamic thinkers.

This causes Islamic threat construction in debates about Presidential War Powers, which creates a self-fulfilling prophecy – historically discourse about Islam being incompatible with Western values was coopted to establish authoritarian regimes in Saudi Arabia and deployed by Orientalists to justify the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan.

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

As Talal Asad also observed (2003), the construction of an Islamic threat,
AND
see e.g. The Passion of the Christ by Mel Gibson).

Our critical analysis is key – efforts to exclude the affirmative replicate censorship by the Bush Administration to stifle opposition to the reductionist ideology of the clash of civilizations responsible for a self-fulfilling prophecy

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

Surprisingly, the idea of a clash of civilizations, when it first appeared,
AND
what is consciously learned and what is unconsciously apprehended by exposure to it.

This space is key—interrogating Islamophobia in educational settings is critical to establish a critical consciousness that enables larger political projects

Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology
Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK “What’s the point? Anti-racism and students’ voices against Islamophobia”, Volume 15, Issue 1
Having reflected on the two seminar sessions on Islamophobia and the student comments, I
AND
is to education that our attention should be directed.’ (162)

The aff is a logical pre-requisite to better policymaking – without a criticism of the way we construct the Muslim identity, legal reformism is doomed to failure.  That criticism is impossible under current policy-making frameworks, because they reaffirm Western norms and posit Muslims and non-Western institutions as antithetical to those norms.

Volpp 2 (Leti Volpp, Associate Professor, American University, Washington College of Law, The Citizen and the Terrorist, 2002, 49 UCLA L. Rev. 1575) PC

In the American imagination, those who appear "Middle Eastern, Arab, or
AND
bodies are always marked and disrupt the idea of integration or assimilation. n93

Discourse and representations matter – they are the basis for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of risk.

Elliot, ‘12
Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside, Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online, RSR
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his
AND
others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.

Tournament: Val RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber AH | Judge: Steve Pointer

The upsurge of Anti-Muslim rhetoric has turned the political sphere into an echo chamber of racism, sacrificing any remaining semblance of critical thought on the altar of bipartisanship.

Giroux 11
Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, formerly Boston University, Miami University, Penn State University, "Breivik's Fundamentalist War on Politics, and Ours," August 3, http://www.truth-out.org/breiviks-fundamentalist-war-politics-and-ours/1312390288

The tragic slayings in Norway raise anew serious questions about domestic terrorism and its roots
AND
can flourish, politics becomes a noble practice and democracy has a future. 

This is evident in status quo detention policy. Indefinite detention represents an attempt to single out, debase and eradicate Muslim culture.

Elver, Research Professor of Global Studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, ‘12
Hilal, “Racializing Islam Before and After 9/11: From Melting Pot to Islamophobia”, TRANSNATIONAL LAW and CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, Vol. 21, Spring 2012, RSR

The combination of prolonged illegal detention, a new interpretation of ¶ torture, and
AND
abundant evidence that racial ¶ subordination of the Iraqi people was common knowledge. 

Our detention policy is founded upon the basis of racial profiling. It creates a perpetual security state that dehumanizes the Brown Other.

Butler, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley, ‘3
Judith, “INDEFINITE DETENTION”, La Rivista del Manifesto, Numero 35, 2003, RSR

The license to brand and categorize and detain on the basis of suspicion alone,
AND
photos released by the Department of Defense of the shackled bodies in Guantanamo.

Debate reinforces this by privileging seeking truth through rational forms of deliberation divorced from social conditions.  This props up the centralized, secular state, which discriminates against followers of so-called “irrational religions” in the name of stability.  Even institutional appeals to religious tolerance are used to demobilize opposition and preserve the state’s power.

Asad 93 (Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam, Johns Hopkins University Press - A (1993), http://100.markelmore.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/05/01_asad_Genealogies-of-Religion_-all.pdf, da 11-15-13) PC

The rationality of criticism, according to Kant, consists in the fact that the
AND
to many non-Enlightenment states. Among them is contemporary Saudi Arabia.

Specifically, debate’s focus on policy action is a manifestation of epistemic racism that reasserts the superiority of Western institutions and norms over Islamic thought and recreates the racial profiling responsible for detention

Grosfoguel 10 (Ramo?n Grosfoguel, Epistemic Islamophobia and Colonial Social Sciences, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self- Knowledge: Vol. 8: Iss. 2, Article 5, 2010, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol8/iss2/5, da 11-15-13) PC

The importance of this discussion about epistemic Islamophobia is that the latter is manifested in
AND
, its easy association with “terrorism” and representation as “terrorist.”

Western epistemology relies on the Cartesian construction of a subject who views arguments from the point-zero perspective, separating their truth-claims from their point of view – this roots knowledge production in the perspective of the Western conqueror, which causes the Islamic Other to be framed as inferior and makes racist policies inevitable.

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

Occidentalism created the epistemic privilege and hegemonic identity politics of the West from which to
AND
1979) and they contribute to the Western arrogant dismissal of Islamic thinkers.

This causes Islamic threat construction in debates about Presidential War Powers, which creates a self-fulfilling policy – historically discourse about Islam being incompatible with Western values was coopted to establish authoritarian regimes in Saudi Arabia and deployed by Orientalists to justify the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan.

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

As Talal Asad also observed (2003), the construction of an Islamic threat,
AND
see e.g. The Passion of the Christ by Mel Gibson).

Our critical analysis is key – efforts to exclude the affirmative replicate censorship by the Bush Administration to stifle opposition to the reductionist ideology of the clash of civilizations responsible for a self-fulfilling prophecy

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

Surprisingly, the idea of a clash of civilizations, when it first appeared,
AND
what is consciously learned and what is unconsciously apprehended by exposure to it.

This space is key—interrogating Islamophobia in educational settings is critical to establish a critical consciousness that enables larger political projects

Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology
Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK “What’s the point? Anti-racism and students’ voices against Islamophobia”, Volume 15, Issue 1
Having reflected on the two seminar sessions on Islamophobia and the student comments, I
AND
is to education that our attention should be directed.’ (162)

The aff is a logical pre-requisite to better policymaking – without a criticism of the way we construct the Muslim identity, legal reformism is doomed to failure.  That criticism is impossible under current policy-making frameworks, because they reaffirm Western norms and posit Muslims and non-Western institutions as antithetical to those norms.

Volpp 2 (Leti Volpp, Associate Professor, American University, Washington College of Law, The Citizen and the Terrorist, 2002, 49 UCLA L. Rev. 1575) PC

In the American imagination, those who appear "Middle Eastern, Arab, or
AND
bodies are always marked and disrupt the idea of integration or assimilation. n93

Discourse and representations matter – they are the basis for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war.

Elliot, ‘12
Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside, Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online, RSR
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his
AND
others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.

Deconstructing and interrogating flawed assumptions behind Islamphobia is critical to establish a transformative and liberatory pedagogy that enables us as agents to challenge racist dynamics

Zine 4, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies
2004, Jasmin Zine is a researcher studying Muslims in the Canadian diaspora. She teaches graduate courses in the Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto in the areas of race and ethnicity, anti-racism education and critical ethnography., “Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy: Reflections from the Educational Front Lines”, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3
As an anti-racism scholar and educator, fellow colleagues and I realized from
AND
” is important to exposing how power operates through the politics of representation.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin

B – probability is a solvency question – Their impact is that the logic of disablism makes violence possible, our argument is that racism makes it possible – Our analysis of colonialism and racist narratives offers the best historical explanation for instances of ableism and their connection to other types of oppression

Meekosha 8 (Helen Meekosha, Associate Professor, School of Social Siences and International Studies, University of new South Wales, Australia, academic who faces ableist discrimination, Contextualizing disability: developing southern/ global theory, Keynote Paper given to the 4th Biennial Disability Studies Conference, Lancaster University, UK, 4 September 2008, http://wwda.org.au/meekosha2008.pdf, da 1-15-14) PC 

Race and disability in the Global South are fluid concepts. This has been the
AND
Similar initiatives were developed in colonial ¶ Africa (Devlieger 2005:694).

D – we cannot have an accurate conception of ableism without confronting universalizing western discourse, which their starting point precludes

Meekosha 8 (Helen Meekosha, Associate Professor, School of Social Siences and International Studies, University of new South Wales, Australia, academic who faces ableist discrimination, Contextualizing disability: developing southern/ global theory, Keynote Paper given to the 4th Biennial Disability Studies Conference, Lancaster University, UK, 4 September 2008, http://wwda.org.au/meekosha2008.pdf, da 1-15-14) PC 

Connell argues that there is a tendency to talk in universals in social science.
AND
“destabilize the totalizing tendencies of imported western discourse” (ibid 96)

2 – Their starting point recreates ableism and racism – we have to challenge Eurocentrism to understand the ways in which racist institutions have deployed ableism to perpetuate opression

Smith 4 (Phil Smith, Ed.D., Executive Director, Vermont Developmental Disabilities Council, Whiteness, Normal Theory, and Disability Studies, Disability Studies Quarterly, Spring 2004, Volume 24, No. 2) PC

It is very true that minorities are at greater risk for acquiring disability labels and
AND
inherent in Western culture might be suggested as a reason for these differences.

3 – cooptation – their starting point of resisting ableism reinforces the hegemonic western understanding of disability – instead, we should start with cultural criticism to challenge ableism on local levels

Mizrachi 13 (Nissim Mizrachi, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Translating Disability in a Muslim Community: A Case of Modular Translation, 7 December 2013, Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry
An International Journal of Cross-Cultural Health Research, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11013-013-9350-y/fulltext.html, da 1-29-14) PC

In the anthropology of disability, culture appears most often in two senses. The
AND
conducive to cultural mediation during encounters with non-liberal worlds of meaning.

4 – racial profiling – status quo racial profiling causes disability scholars to self-censor, preventing an effective struggle against ableism, especially outside of the West

Meekosha 8 (Helen Meekosha, Associate Professor, School of Social Siences and International Studies, University of new South Wales, Australia, academic who faces ableist discrimination, Contextualizing disability: developing southern/ global theory, Keynote Paper given to the 4th Biennial Disability Studies Conference, Lancaster University, UK, 4 September 2008, http://wwda.org.au/meekosha2008.pdf, da 1-15-14) PC 

The 5 volume Sage Encyclopedia of Disability neglects to conclude any entries ¶ on indigenous
AND
particularly is evident, particularly where colonial forms of power still remain ¶ entrenched

6 – localized analysis – our kritik of Euro-centric epistemologies exposes unique instances of ableism that stem from colonialism, like dependence enforcement

Meekosha 8 (Helen Meekosha, Associate Professor, School of Social Siences and International Studies, University of new South Wales, Australia, academic who faces ableist discrimination, Contextualizing disability: developing southern/ global theory, Keynote Paper given to the 4th Biennial Disability Studies Conference, Lancaster University, UK, 4 September 2008, http://wwda.org.au/meekosha2008.pdf, da 1-15-14) PC 

Appropriation of the land of indigenous peoples was and still is a particularly ¶ important
AND
set of methodologies and frameworks ¶ from those formulated in the Northern metropole. 

7 – Coalitions – Embracing the intersection between postcolonial struggles and disability studies is key – exposes how narratives of helplessness have incorporated themselves into non-Western contexts.

Barker, PhD University of Birmingham, ‘10
Clare, “Interdisciplinary Dialogues: Disability and Postcolonial Studies”, Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2010, RSR
Effective analysis of this complex cultural event requires input from various disciplinary fields. Disability
AND
are manifested in, or projected onto, non-western cultural contexts.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sacramento State HG | Judge: Marvin Carter

The perm solves best – combatting the fear of Islam is necessary to reject the ideology used to justify Colonialism, racism and speciesism by comparing the Other to savages and animalistic wild barbarians

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

The challenge for our topic is to answer¶ how it was possible that a
AND
Christian religion and being racialized as¶ an inferior human became increasingly erased.

B - Epistemology precedes Ontology

Mingolo and He 12 (Walter Mignolo, Professor of Decolonial Studies at Duke University, Weihua He, Ph.D. from Tsinghua University in Beijing. He is currently teaching in Shanghai and spent a year at Duke University while finishing his dissertation. The Prospect of Harmony and the Decolonial View of the World, published in Decolonial Thoughts, Interviews. September 2012)

But let me add a few lines in the direction you are suggesting. Said’s
AND
education) and transformation (e.g. media) of subjectivities.

The perm solves- reflexive anthropocentrism allows us to avoid its excesses.

Barry, Director of the Institute of Governance, Public Policy and Social Research at Queens University, ‘99
John, Rethinking Green Politics, p. 7-8
Ecological stewardship, unlike ecocentrism, seeks to emphasize a self-reflexive, long
AND
developing an appropriate and practicable moral idiom to cover social-environmental interaction.

Alt fails – they can’t convince people to not be anthropocentric.

Lee, Philosophy Professor at Bloomsburg, ‘9
Wendy, Spring, “Restoring Human-Centerednes to Environmental Conscience: The Ecocentrist's Dilemma, the Role of Heterosexualized Anthropomorphizing, and the Significance of Language to Ecological Feminism” Ethics and the Environment, Vol 14 No 1, Project Muse
Bender undertakes this task in the course of promoting his specific version of ecocen trism
AND
anything but an argument for nondualism—and this Bender does not provide.

Humans are different from other animals – inevitably causes human-centeredness

Lee, Philosophy Professor at Bloomsburg, ‘9
Wendy, Spring, “Restoring Human-Centerednes to Environmental Conscience: The Ecocentrist's Dilemma, the Role of Heterosexualized Anthropomorphizing, and the Significance of Language to Ecological Feminism” Ethics and the Environment, Vol 14 No 1, Project Muse
However plastic and evolving the somatic, perceptual, cognitive, psychological, epistemic and
AND
a shell. It doesn't go in for self-representation at all.

TURN – Dissolving the divide between humans and nature makes their impacts inevitable

Barry, lecturer in the Department of Politics at Keele University, ‘99
John, Rethinking Green Politics, p. 53
Ironically, although environmental philosophers have traditionally urged us to recognize the. continuities between
AND
we set ourselves off from the rest of nature (Williams, 1992))

Specieism is not like other forms of oppression – only grounding our relationship with animals in the nature of humans is key to any moral theory.

Barry, lecturer in the Department of Politics at Keele University, 1999
John, Rethinking Green Politics, p. 48-49
If we reject, as I believe we must, claims of a single definition
AND
, the type of relationship and general treatment owed to such a being.

Human centeredness does not cause destruction of minority cultures or peoples

Lee, Philosophy Professor at Bloomsburg, ‘9
Wendy, Spring, “Restoring Human-Centerednes to Environmental Conscience: The Ecocentrist's Dilemma, the Role of Heterosexualized Anthropomorphizing, and the Significance of Language to Ecological Feminism” Ethics and the Environment, Vol 14 No 1, Project Muse
Second, then, is that however indigenous, no necessary implications for ethnicity,
AND
of human consciousness, the ways in which we realize it is not.

Their alt’s attempt to resolve oppression without an engagement of cultural criticism of racism is white-washing – that perpetuates the myth of post-racism societies, which masks instances of racism such as veil laws, or indefinite detention

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

It does not matter if the Western domestic political system is the British multicultural model
AND
anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Paul Kanellopoulos

Case outweighs – combating the racial narratives that the 1AC criticizes is a pre-requisite to fighting capitalism.

Roberts and Mahanti, Dpt. Of Geography and Planning Univ of Toronto, 2010
David J. and Minel .1le- Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism:  Placing “Race” in Neoliberal Discourse; a paper first presented in 2008 at the AAGs in Boston, MA in April; published online February 18th; ANTIPODE, Vol. 42, Issue 2; pp. 248-257, March. http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/archive/archive/files/neoliberalizing_race,_racing_neoliberalism-_placing_race_in_neoliberal_discourses8f9de33fa7.pdf
As a consequence, neoliberalism effectively masks racism through its value-laden moral project
AND
of apparent raceblindness by insisting that race does not play an important role.

Perm: do both.

Analysis of power relations solely through economic structures is ethnocentric, and only re-inscribes economic dependency in lieu of third world agency

Kapoor, 2008
Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 10-11
From the postcolonial standpoint, dependency ignores (for the most part) culture and
AND
to being peripheralized (Fanon 1967; cf. James 1997: 207).

The failure to understand racism as a cultural practice external to the modes of production makes their method ineffective and susceptible to Eurocentric thought

West 89 (Cornel West, Honorary Chair, Democratic Socialists of America, Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism, Democratic Socialists of America, 1989, http://www.chicagodsa.org/CornelWest.html, da 12-27-13) PC

A new analysis of racism builds on the best of Marxist theory (particularly Antonio
AND
of "scientific" rationality, are linked to particular ways of life.

Total rejection of capitalism fragments resistance

Gibson-Graham, prof of human geography @ Australian National University, 96
(J.K. Gibson-Graham, Professor of Human Geography at the Australian National University and Professor of Geosciences at the University of Massachusates, Amherst, 1996 (The End of Capitalism (As We Know It))

One of our goals as Marxists has been to produce a knowledge of capitalism.  
AND
its unity a fantasy, visible as a denial of diversity and change.

Our cultural analysis offers a better historical account for why Islamophobia occurs – localized instances of Islamophobia over time reveal that culture, not class, is the best starting point.

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

In the last 60 years there has been a historical transformation in racist discourses.
AND
anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

Marxism’s exclusive focus on class struggle is rooted in Western-centric, epistemic racism used to justify the colonization of non-Western countries – also means their alternative gets coopted, because Marxist philosophy is used to justify Capitalism’s expansion outside of the West

Grosfoguel 10 (Ramo?n Grosfoguel, Epistemic Islamophobia and Colonial Social Sciences, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self- Knowledge: Vol. 8: Iss. 2, Article 5, 2010, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol8/iss2/5, da 11-15-13) PC

But the same problem of epistemic Isla- mophobia we find in Marx and Engels
AND
” made possible the colonization of the minds/ bodies of colonial subjects.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State NW | Judge: Sean Slattery

Their alt’s attempt to resolve oppression without an engagement of cultural criticism of racism is white-washing – that perpetuates the myth of post-racism societies, which masks instances of racism such as veil laws, or indefinite detention

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

It does not matter if the Western domestic political system is the British multicultural model
AND
anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

Perm solve best – their authors admit the alt’s not durable, and they historically recreate stigmatizing boundaries

Schein 99 (Louisa Schein, Performing Modernity, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Aug., 1999), pp. 361-395) PC

What these studies of race/class performativity demonstrate is the importance of considering multiple
AND
prestige and superiority of modernity as the hegemonic cultural system that stigmatized them.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Justin Kirk

Permutation solves best – the alternative gets coopted by racist myths about Islam used to construct an exclusionary notion of U.S. sexual exceptionalism that recreates the impacts of the kritik – the aff’s intersectional analysis of the role that the fear of Islam in our detention policy plays in recreating heteronormativity and dehumanization is key

Puar 7 (Jasbir K., Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times, Chapter 3 – Intimate Control, Infinite Detention: Rereading the Lawrence Case, 2007, Duke University Press) PC

Queer Liberalism and Abu Gbraib¶ In May 2004, less than a year after
AND
To verbalize the obvious, not all acts of¶ sodomy are equivalent.

The Aff comes before their methodology – the fear of Islam shapes institutional notions about gender norms, creating discipline against deviance through current war on terrorism policies

Beauchamp 09 (Toby, University of California, Davis. 2009. Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and U.S. State Surveillance After 9/11. Surveillance and Society 6(4): 356-366.) PC

But not all gendered bodies are so easily normalized. Dominant notions of what constitutes
AND
in the case of the Advisory’s focus on Al-Qaeda, Islamophobia.

Isolating queerness turns the K – it makes the alt complicit with the racist war-on-terrorism, which reinforces dichotomies between safe trans and terrorist trans

Beauchamp 09 (Toby, University of California, Davis. 2009. Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and U.S. State Surveillance After 9/11. Surveillance and Society 6(4): 356-366.) PC

That medico-legal system itself works to track and document gender-nonconforming bodies
AND
positions itself as a non- threatening, safe, even patriotic organization.

Futurism is critical to our ethical responsibility to the other.

Kurasawa 4.  (Fuyuki Kurasawa is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at York University, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight,” Constellations   2004 vol:11 iss:4 pg:453, Muse)
While this argument has the merit of underscoring the fallibilistic nature of all predictive schemes
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acquiring finely tuned antennae to pinpoint indicators of forthcoming or already unfolding crises.

Futurism reproduces the same constraints that the alternative attempts to escape from.

Brenkman 2 (John, Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the CUNY Graduate Center and Baruch College, Queer Post-Politics, Narrative - Volume 10, Number 2, May 2002, pp. 174-180)
He proceeds to argue that in the two versions of jouissance the death drive manifests
AND
is more than a philosophical category mistake, though it is that too.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Kanellopoulos

Framing the democratic state as a progressive institution capable of solving its problems reinforces constructions of the East as anti-democratic and barbaric, which recreates the impacts of the aff

Volpp 2 (Leti Volpp, Associate Professor, American University, Washington College of Law, The Citizen and the Terrorist, 2002, 49 UCLA L. Rev. 1575) PC

We are witnessing the redeployment of old Orientalist tropes. Historically, Asia and the
AND
are depicted as the barbaric regions of the world that spawn terror. n42

Aff is a pre-requisite to fairness – attempts to strive for fairness without a critical engagement of white supremacy perpetuate the myth of post-racism societies, which masks instances of racism such as veil laws, or indefinite detention

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

It does not matter if the Western domestic political system is the British multicultural model
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anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

The attempt to address racial justice through the law exemplifies the failure of progressivism, which always seeks to define racial justice as already coming by focusing on the march of law, ignoring those left behind.  The move to further criminalize racist practices preserves racial hierarchy

Amy Kapczynski - Post-Doctoral Fellow in Law and Public Health, Yale Law School. J.D. - February, 2005 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1041 “THE FUTURE OF A PAST: HISTORICISM, PROGRESS, AND THE REDEMPTIVE CONSTITUTION”  

1. Race and Preservation Through Transformation Consider first the legacy of slavery in our
   AND
   aided and abetted by the very rules that purported to disestablish them." 196

The law’s self-legitimation is intimately connected to the military’s capacity for ultimate violence, the natural goal of defending the nation is established through collective memory which permits self-destruction to preserve them

Ariella Azoulay - Professor of Visual Culture and Contemporary Philosophy, Bar Ilan U - February, 2005 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1005 “THE FUTURE OF A PAST: THE LOSS OF CRITIQUE AND THE CRITIQUE OF VIOLENCE”  
Benjamin wrote "Critique of Violence" in the wake of World War I,
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might challenge the state's monopoly in the name of its natural goals. 43 

The aff is a prior question to predictability – the state uses McCarthyist tactics and profiling to stifle opposition to its policies – also means we better access their clash internal links on war powers and foreign policy

Cainkar and Maira 5 (Louis Cainkar, Marquette University, and Sunaina Maira, University of California – Davis, Targeting Arab/Muslim/South Asian Americans: Criminalization and Cultural Citizenship, Amerasia Journal, Volume 31, No. 3 (2005): 1-27) PC

Why have Arab and South Asian Muslims in the United States been selected for criminalization
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silenced Arab American community in which many¶ are fearful of expressing dissent."

Restricting Presidential War Powers masks liberalism’s justifications for violence against the Other

Dunne 9 (Tim Dunne, Liberalism, International Terrorism, and Democratic Wars, International Relations 23(1): 107-114, 2009, http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/politics/research/readingroom/Dunne_IR.pdf, da 12-3-13) PC

Thinking through the relationship between liberalism and terrorism requires a wider consideration of the complex
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in international affairs, we are exposed to the limits of liberalism itself.

The idea that inaction equals passivity is disastrous in practice – it allows Western powers to justify any amount of violence and intervention in the name of refusing passivity. In the ethical view of the neg, carpet-bombing Afghanistan is justifiable because at least it’s not passivity.

Dr. David Chandler, Professor at the University of Westminster, Centre for the Study of Democracy, August 2003, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 304-305
It appears that the NGO approach of seeking ‘worst cases’ to highlight their good
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its outcome, can generally be portrayed as better than acquiescence and passivity.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Kanellopoulos

Use of the term ‘Islamophobia’ is necessary to mobilize opposition to discriminatory and prejudicial actions

Richardson 9 (Robin Richardson, Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited, London, 2009,

Despite its disadvantages, the term Islamophobia looks as if it is here to stay
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in ¶ particular ‘anti-Muslim racism’ and ‘intolerance against Muslims’. 

Their certainty about the effects of language belies the nature of human agency and the importance of context, making us powerless in the face of language – Extricating the language from the plan doesn’t make the words “go away” – Confrontation via the permutation solves best

Butler 97 (Judith, Excitable Speech, UC-Berkeley, p. 13)

Indeed, recent effort to establish the incontrovertibly wounding power of certain words seem to
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to understand how context is invoked and restaged at the moment of utterance.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Russell, Ozzy, Murillo

2AC
T

1) We meet – we criticize the President’s War Powers Authority in the area of indefinite detention.  Their evidence is not about advocacy, so criticism solves.

2) Counter-interpretation – criticism of a Presidential War Power in at least one of the topic areas solves all their offense:

a) Predictability – keeps arguments rooted in detention lit, which guarantees that the neg will have research about the aff.

b) Ground – they can read all of their defenses of Presidential War Powers, like the terrorism da, drone shift da, rendition da, and flexibility da and challenge our method or descriptions in the aff.  Also, they can read detention-related counterplans against our aff to create a legal process debate.

c) Better for debate – they make debate stale, resulting in the same heg aff versus agent cp/politics, or an agent CP with an Islamophobic net benefit.  We encourage innovation by exploring philosophical and methodological arguments.  We also give actual debates over indefinite detention instead of trivial agent comparisons, so we solve better – debates over the WOT are better, because they access our public opinion arguments

d) Debate doesn’t solve any of their process good arguments, because we have a competitive incentive to fiat through the procedural nuances, and create a counterplan with the smallest change from the aff, that fiats through legal hurdles

3) Bureaucracy DA – they reduce debates about Islamophobia to bureaucratic procedures, obscuring how racism becomes institutionalized –turns extra T

Nabi 11 (Shaida-Raffat Nabi, University of Manchester How is Islamophobia Institutionalised? Racialised Governmentality and the Case of Muslim Students in British Universities, 2011) PC

The idea of ’institutional racism’ in Macpherson’s Report, in academic literature and as
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beyond (but not excluding) disciplinary enclosures (Duken and Lausten 2002).

5) The role of the ballot is to vote for the team with the best analysis of culture and representations.  Discourse and representations are used by scholarship to cast the Islamic Other as a threat and distract political interests from addressing structural violence – that means the cultural criticism of the 1AC comes before any discussion of policy.  That’s 1AC Bryan.

6) Self-fulfilling prophecy DA – their attempt prioritize policy-making over representations mirrors the efforts by Bush to censor criticisms of U.S. policy by bin Laden.  That props up the clash of civilizations myth responsible for imperialistic foreign policy and racial profiling – turns decision-making.  That’s 1AC Bottici and Challand.

7) Epistemology DA – rooting debate in a fair division of ground, fiat, switch-sides debate, and roleplaying reinforces the belief in the Cartesian subject viewing arguments from the point-zero perspective.  This universalizes Western epistemology and deems Islamic epistemologies inferior, allowing so-called ’experts’ to link Islam with terrorism, justifying indefinite detention and creating bad education.  That’s 1AC Grosfoguel and Mielants.

8) Rationality DA – They turn debate into a Kantian search for universal truth about a plan, divorcing truth-seeking from social conditions.  This justifies the discriminatory secular state, masked under religious tolerance to privilege societal stability – also means no topical version of the aff solves.  That’s 1AC Asad.

9) Their attempt to root debate in state action perpetuates Islamophobic Western norms:

A) Academia’s focus on democracy and human rights has excluded non-Western epistemologies.  This perpetuates racial profiling, by deeming individuals who introduce alternative notions of policy as fundamentalists.  That recreates the notion of the dangerous Muslim fanatic, justifying discrimination.  That’s 1AC Grosfoguel.

B) Framing the democratic state as a progressive institution capable of solving its problems reinforces constructions of the East as anti-democratic and barbaric, which recreates the impacts of the aff

Volpp 2 (Leti Volpp, Associate Professor, American University, Washington College of Law, The Citizen and the Terrorist, 2002, 49 UCLA L. Rev. 1575) PC

We are witnessing the redeployment of old Orientalist tropes. Historically, Asia and the
AND
are depicted as the barbaric regions of the world that spawn terror. n42

C) Multiculturalism DA – Requiring a hypothical plan leaves in tact status quo Islamophobic hierarchies through the myth of the "racially blind society"

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

It does not matter if the Western domestic political system is the British multicultural model
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anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

10) We are a logical pre-requisite.  Legal reformism and restrictions on Presidential War Powers will always fail, because they fail to address the construction of the Other and antithetical to the American sense of identity.  That’s 1AC Volpp.

11) Reasonability – competing interpretations is an arbitrary race to the bottom.  The neg will just keep artificially moving the goal posts to exclude the aff to preclude the education we offer.   Potential abuse is not a voter.

China 2AC

Clash of civs makes HR push inevitable – we solve

No internal link between cred on Guantanamo and cred on China

Their evidence concludes that we will capitalize on the next instance of human rights violations

China threat is extremely exaggerated and their authors prefer fear to facts.

Pan 4 ("The ’China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics", Political Science, Department of Political Science at Australian National University, Alternatives, June-July) RCM

Likewise, with the goal of absolute security for the United States in mind,
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"them" as "what they are" in the practical realm. 

No US China war

Keck 13 (Zachary Keck is Assistant Editor of The Diplomat. He has previously served as a Deputy Editor for E-IR and as an Editorial Assistant for The Diplomat. Zach has published in various outlets such as Foreign Policy, The National Interest, The Atlantic, Foreign Affairs, and World Politics Review., 7/12/2013, "Why China and the US (Probably) Won’t Go to War", thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/12/why-china-and-the-us-probably-wont-go-to-war/)
¶ But while trade cannot be relied upon to keep the peace, a U
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.S.-China war, it is nearly unthinkable one will occur. 

2AC Terrorism DA

Case outweighs - Dehumanization comes first – no chance for regeneration of VTL, because their discourse has created an ethic that tells Muslims their lives do not matter – that’s 1AC Butler.

Their discourse about terrorist threats is an opaque rouse used by elites to distract policymakers from addressing ongoing structural violence.  A) The prop up jingoistic patriotism and Islamophobia as a means of stifling dissent. B) Discussion of catastrophic terrorism desensitizes us from ongoing structural violence.  That’s 1AC Bryan.

Structural violence locks in social and environmental tension—-culminates in extinction and makes war inevitable

Tamás Szentes 8, Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest. "Globalisation and prospects of the world society" 4/22/08 http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf
It’ s a common place that human society can survive and develop only in a
AND
mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.

No uniqueness for their case turn – Islamophobia and detention exist now

Cross-apply the Epistemology DA – their authors’ threat construction and self-reflection rely on the point-zero perspective.  This universalizes Western epistemology linking Islam with terrorism, justifying indefinite detention and creating bad education – independent reason to reject the team even if they don’t go for this argument.  That’s 1AC Grosfoguel and Mielants.

Detention’s reliance on racial profiling makes it ineffective – the squo relies on racialized ways of looking, which causes enforcement to center on targeting Muslim populations instead of reducing violence.  That’s 1AC Butler.

Terrorism studies fail – lack of primary research, recycled data, lack of theoretical backing and the focus on a problem solving approach.

Gunning, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University, ’7
~Jeroen, "A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?", Government and Opposition, Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 363–393, Summer 2007, RSR~
Reviews of ’terrorism studies’– or ’terrorism research’ for those who dispute that
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into which they are organised, as the given framework for action’.32

We solve better –

Subpoint A – root cause – terrorism is a result of the cooptation of Orientalist narratives that cause individuals to adopt a belief behind the necessity of conflict with the west.  That’s 1AC Bottici and Challand.

Subpoint B – self fulfilling prophecy – their scholars presume the West knows best, justifying the Iraq war and financing Israeli militarism, which solidified the notion of cultural conflict.  Flawed experts provided assistance to Al Qaeda in the 1980s to resist the Soviet invasion, ignoring the disagreements the organization had with the United States and causing more attacks.  That’s 1AC Bryan, and 1AC Bottici and Challand.

Indefinite Detention doesn’t solve terrorism
Roberts, Associate Professor of Philosophy at East Carolina University, ’11
~Rodney, "Utilitarianism and the Morality of Indefinite Detention", Criminal Justice Ethics, Vol. 30, No. 1, RSR~

Finally, ’’there is no evidence that  preventive detention works. Comparative studies of
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can be selfdefeating*it may increase the likelihood of future attacks.31

No WMD terrorism – Experts go Aff

Fay, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, ’13
~Matt, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, "The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism", webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+26cd=126hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us26client=firefox-a~
For over a decade now, one of the most oft-repeated threats raised
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terrorism hardly warrants the type of exertions many alarmist assessments indicate it should.

Their description of the terrorist threat is over-exaggerated- these impact claims not only undermine the credibility of all terror scholarship, but are used to legitimize wars, torture, targeted killings, and elimination of civil liberties.

Jackson, Director at the National Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, 8
(Richard, 2/14/08, "The Study of Terrorism after 11 September 2001: Problems, Challenges and Future Developments," Political Studies Review, volume: 7, p. 171.184, CPO)
The vast majority of terrorism studies are predicated on, or at the very least
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security services, increased military spending and the like (Jackson, 2007b)

The affective realities of threats justify preemptive action. This ensures a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Massumi, Professor of Critical Empiricism at the European Graduate School, ’10
~Brian, "THE FUTURE BIRTH OF THE AFFECTIVE FACT: The Political Ontology of Threat", The Affect Theory Reader, Duke University Press, 2010, RSR~
The felt reality of threat legitimates preemptive action, once and for all. Any
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to the present and is reluctant to attribute an effective reality to futurity.

The neg results in more terrorism – fails to interrogate the root causes that make terrorism possible in the first place.

Ahmed, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), ’12
~Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis~
Thus, the securitisation of global crisis leads not only to the problematisation of particular
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for crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.¶ 

Their inflated impact claims feed a politics of fear that empowers elites and amplifies the impact of terrorism- only the aff can exorcise the power of their terrorist threat narrative.

Jackson, Director at the National Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, 8
(Richard, 2/14/08, "The Study of Terrorism after 11 September 2001: Problems, Challenges and Future Developments," Political Studies Review, volume: 7, p. 171.184, CPO)
In contrast to the dominant approach within terrorism studies, two of the featured books
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power of the terrorism threat narrative (see Zulaika and Douglass, 1996).

Their framing of terrorism as an Islamic action perpetuated against the United States ignores actions of terrorism against Muslims, like the actions of Breivik in Norway, which were a result of the cult of bipartisanship in our current politics.  That’s 1AC Giroux

Indefinite detention doesn’t solve –

Complicates local cooperation

Hathaway, et al, ’13
~Oona (Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School); Samuel Adelsberg (J.D. candidate at Yale Law School); Spencer Amdur (J.D. candidate at Yale Law School); Freya Pitts (J.D. candidate at Yale Law School); Philip Levitz (J.D. from Yale Law School); and Sirine Shebaya (J.D. from Yale Law School), "The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11", The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 38, 2013, RSR~

Legitimacy of the trial process is important not only to the individuals   charged but also
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in recent statements from the   Department of Defense and the White House.251

Complicates allied intel cooperation

Pearlstein, Visiting Research Scholar and Lecturer in Public and International Affairs, Woodrow
Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, ’9
~Deborah, "WE’RE ALL EXPERTS NOW:¶ A SECURITY CASE AGAINST SECURITY DETENTION", Case Western Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, 2009, RSR~

Particularly in the challenge of counterterrorism detention policy,¶ the United States has had to
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disposition of fissile material is central to a state’s strategic¶ counterterrorism plan.

Cap 2AC

Case outweighs – combating the racial narratives that the 1AC criticizes is a pre-requisite to fighting capitalism.

Roberts and Mahanti, Dpt. Of Geography and Planning Univ of Toronto, 2010
~David J. and Minel .1le- Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism:  Placing "Race" in Neoliberal Discourse; a paper first presented in 2008 at the AAGs in Boston, MA in April; published online February 18th; ANTIPODE, Vol. 42, Issue 2; pp. 248-257, March. http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/archive/archive/files/neoliberalizing_race,_racing_neoliberalism-_placing_race_in_neoliberal_discourses8f9de33fa7.pdf~
As a consequence, neoliberalism effectively masks racism through its value-laden moral project
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of apparent raceblindness by insisting that race does not play an important role.

Perm: do both.  A focus on the public is key – Islamophobic rhetoric becomes a trope to justify wars that sustain the military-industrial complex, because it always needs an external threat like Islam to exist.  That’s 1AC Bryan.

Alternative recreates capitalism – without a focus on western epistemology, secular focus becomes Protestant, which justifies the Protestant work ethic where work becomes our new religion.  Their alternative is just a Western neoliberal ploy to keep the working class down.

Can’t solve racial profiling – which affects Muslims of all classes.

Analysis of power relations solely through economic structures is ethnocentric, and only re-inscribes economic dependency in lieu of third world agency

Kapoor, 2008 
~Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, "The Postcolonial Politics of Development," p. 10-11~
From the postcolonial standpoint, dependency ignores (for the most part) culture and
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to being peripheralized (Fanon 1967; cf. James 1997: 207).

No discourse tradeoff – discussing false representations that are used to shape foreign policy and the enforcement of indefinite detention is compatible with a criticism of class divisions – OR their alternative precludes discussions of flawed cultural representations which makes Islamophobia inevitable – puts them in a double bind

Marxist reliance on macro-structural explanations for instances of racism are incomplete – the failure to understand racism as a cultural practice external to the modes of production makes their method ineffective and susceptible to Eurocentric thought

West 89 (Cornel West, Honorary Chair, Democratic Socialists of America, Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism, Democratic Socialists of America, 1989, http://www.chicagodsa.org/CornelWest.html, da 12-27-13) PC

A new analysis of racism builds on the best of Marxist theory (particularly Antonio
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of "scientific" rationality, are linked to particular ways of life.

Can’t explain instances of Islamophobia like the Crusades – there’s little materialist incentive to occupy Jerusalem because of its lack of resources.

Cross apply the Rationality DA – Historical materialism relies on universal rationality, where truth-seeking is a process separate from their social conditions.  That’s 1AC Asad. Historical materialism is a reaction to the Enlightenment’s deployment of religion – defining religion as an opiate of the masses meant to prop up Capitalism, which justified Islamophobic policies like the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the name of class struggle.

Total rejection of capitalism fragments resistance

Gibson-Graham, prof of human geography @ Australian National University, 96
(J.K. Gibson-Graham, Professor of Human Geography at the Australian National University and Professor of Geosciences at the University of Massachusates, Amherst, 1996 (The End of Capitalism (As We Know It))

One of our goals as Marxists has been to produce a knowledge of capitalism.  
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its unity a fantasy, visible as a denial of diversity and change.

Capitalism is inevitable

Hudson 99 (member of the Progressive Librarians Guild and the American Library Association’s Social Responsibilities Round Table, 1999 (Mark, Fall, "Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller," The Progressive Librarian, Issue: 16, JS)

Neoliberal ideas are as old as capitalism itself, but in recent decades they have
AND
the adverse consequences of that hegemony for our politics, economy and culture.

Materialism’s essentialist explanations for Islamophobia are Euro-centric – it’s an instance of epistemic racism that allows so-called ’experts’ to decide what’s best for Muslim people while excluding inter-cultural dialogue, making racist policies inevitable.  That’s 1AC Grosfoguel and Mielants.

Ethnicity is a better intersectional explanation that they cannot access – Religion and culture are a dimension of ethnicity – their scholarship reduces this to a function of class, which leaves out the ways that we give meaning to our lives psychologically, for example turning away from material desires.

Islamophobia is a psychological issue that doesn’t just come from the means of production – people only come to know themselves by defining themselves against other people – that’s 1AC Bryan.

Our cultural analysis offers a better historical account for why Islamophobia occurs – localized instances of Islamophobia over time reveal that culture, not class, is the best starting point.

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

In the last 60 years there has been a historical transformation in racist discourses.
AND
anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

Marxist thought’s exclusive focus on class to form a global proposal of communism is rooted in epistemic racism – that makes imperialism inevitable and justifies capitalism

Grosfoguel 12 (Ramo?n Grosfoguel, Decolonizing Western Uni-versalisms: Decolonial Pluriversalism from Aime? Ce?saire to the Zapatistas, Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(3), 2012, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/01w7163v, da 3-27-14) PC

Karl Marx, writing in the mid-19th century, makes important modifications to
AND
"cosmopolitan," but equally provincial? How can we decolonize Western universalism?

Their method re-entrenches Capitalism – The rational causality of history is integral to capitalism’s relations of guilty which structure the law and economy, debt is established as guilt and the law functions to enforce it on the population

WERNER HAMACHER - Professor in the University of Frankfurt’s Institute for General and Comparative Literature - fall–winter  2002 diacritics / "BENJAMIN’S SKETCH CAPITALISM AS RELIGION" Translated by Kirk Wetters  
If the task of a critique of history can only be satisfied by a critique
AND
" forms, aetiotaxies, guilt forms positing the cause of a deficit.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Sydney Pasquinelli, Jason Regnier, Steven Murray

Case

Their focus on the nuance of images recreates Orientalism and replicates the subject they try to critique – their semantic analysis of conflict and suffering forces the exclusion of Islamic scholarship, while representing and over-philsophical focus of violence that replicates superficiality

Almond 7 (Almond, Ian. New Orientalists : Postmodern Representations of Islam from Foucault to Baudrillard., London, GBR: I.B. Tauris, 2007. Copyright © 2007. I.B. Tauris.) PC

A number of disconcerting points, however, emerge concerning the place of Islam and
AND
not as a humanitarian concern for the lot of dead or dying Arabs.

K

Their criticism of the university is too broad – instead of consuming knowledge from the university, students can teach themselves through research and radical pedagogy, which changes the social context of learning

Pusey and Noterman 12 (Andre Pusey is a PhD candidate in the School of Geography (University of Leeds) and assists with some teaching on the MAASC course. Elsa Noterman studied part-time and assisted with the course for a year, before returning the United States, Inside, Outside, and on the Edge of the Academy: Experiments in Radical Pedagogies, Anarchist Pedagogies: Collective Actions, Theories, and Critical Reflections on Education Edited by Robert H. Haworth, 2012 PM Press, http://rebels-library.org/files/anarchistpedagogies.pdf#page=179, da 3-16-14) PC

At the University of Lincoln a project called “student as producer” has been
AND
universities walls, which often intentionally posit themselves against traditional hierarchical educational institutions.

Their psychoanalysis is inescapable from epistemic racism, because it relies on knowledge production from the point-zero perspective – that promotes universal claims by separating subjects from their body and space

Grosfoguel 12 (Ramo?n Grosfoguel, Decolonizing Western Uni-versalisms: Decolonial Pluriversalism from Aime? Ce?saire to the Zapatistas, Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(3), 2012, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/01w7163v, da 3-27-14) PC

Enrique Dussel (see, for instance, 1492: El encubrimiento) has reminded
AND
Descartes-, and this represents one of the most pernicious legacies of Cartesianism.

Their alternative perpetuates existing consumption of Western narratives about Islam – Exposing instances of Islamophobia is key – the reductionist myth of the clash of civilizations is perpetuated by concealing information about the Other, allowing icons to prop up Islamophobia

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

According to Seib (2004: 72), the original appeal of Huntington’s line was
AND
open mouth and eyes wide open (Geisser, 2003: 24).1

Trying to stop suffering is good – it affirms life and allows people the choice of how they want to find meaning in life

Smolkin 89 (Mitchell Smolkin. Understanding Pain, 1989 p75-79)

For Camus, the absurdity of the human condition consists in the incongruity between what
AND
rats again and send them forth to die in a happy city.”76 

Anti-blackness is not an ontological antagonism---conflict is inevitable in politics, but does not have to be demarcated around whiteness and blackness---the aff’s ontological fatalism recreates colonial violence

Peter Hudson 13, Political Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa, has been on the editorial board of the Africa Perspective: The South African Journal of Sociology and Theoria: A Journal of Political and Social Theory and Transformation, and is a member of the Johannesburg Workshop in Theory and Criticism, The state and the colonial unconscious, Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies, 2013
Thus the self-same/other distinction is necessary for the possibility of identity
AND
, as distinct from “subject” position based on a determinate identity.

Robust historical analysis proves we have a better explanation for the cause of instances of racism in civil society – our focus on discourse outweighs their sweeping ontological claims about civil society

West 89 (Cornel West, Honorary Chair, Democratic Socialists of America, Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism, Democratic Socialists of America, 1989, http://www.chicagodsa.org/CornelWest.html, da 12-27-13) PC

For the first step-the genealogical inquiry into predominant European supremacist discourses-there
AND
thereby limit the chances for less racist, less ethnocentric discourses to flourish.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Russell, Ozzy, Murillo

1AC

The upsurge of Anti-Muslim rhetoric has turned the political sphere into an echo chamber of racism, sacrificing any remaining semblance of critical thought on the altar of bipartisanship.

Giroux 11 
~Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, formerly Boston University, Miami University, Penn State University, "Breivik’s Fundamentalist War on Politics, and Ours," August 3, http://www.truth-out.org/breiviks-fundamentalist-war-politics-and-ours/1312390288-http://www.truth-out.org/breiviks-fundamentalist-war-politics-and-ours/1312390288~~

The tragic slayings in Norway raise anew serious questions about domestic terrorism and its roots
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can flourish, politics becomes a noble practice and democracy has a future. 

This is evident in status quo detention policy. Indefinite detention represents an attempt to single out, debase and eradicate Muslim culture.

Elver, Research Professor of Global Studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, ’12
~Hilal, "Racializing Islam Before and After 9/11: From Melting Pot to Islamophobia", TRANSNATIONAL LAW 26 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, Vol. 21, Spring 2012, RSR~

The combination of prolonged illegal detention, a new interpretation of ¶ torture, and
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abundant evidence that racial ¶ subordination of the Iraqi people was common knowledge. 

Our detention policy is founded upon the basis of racial profiling. It creates a perpetual security state that dehumanizes the Brown Other.

Butler, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley, ’3
~Judith, "INDEFINITE DETENTION", La Rivista del Manifesto, Numero 35, 2003, RSR~

The license to brand and categorize and detain on the basis of suspicion alone,
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photos released by the Department of Defense of the shackled bodies in Guantanamo.

Debate reinforces this by privileging seeking truth through rational forms of deliberation divorced from social conditions.  This props up the centralized, secular state, which discriminates against followers of so-called "irrational religions" in the name of stability.  Even institutional appeals to religious tolerance are used to demobilize opposition and preserve the state’s power.

Asad 93 (Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam, Johns Hopkins University Press - A (1993), http://100.markelmore.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/05/01_asad_Genealogies-of-Religion_-all.pdf, da 11-15-13) PC

The rationality of criticism, according to Kant, consists in the fact that the
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to many non-Enlightenment states. Among them is contemporary Saudi Arabia.

Specifically, debate’s focus on policy action is a manifestation of epistemic racism that reasserts the superiority of Western institutions and norms over Islamic thought and recreates the racial profiling responsible for detention

Grosfoguel 10 (Ramo?n Grosfoguel, Epistemic Islamophobia and Colonial Social Sciences, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self- Knowledge: Vol. 8: Iss. 2, Article 5, 2010, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol8/iss2/5, da 11-15-13) PC

The importance of this discussion about epistemic Islamophobia is that the latter is manifested in
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, its easy association with "terrorism" and representation as "terrorist."

Western epistemology relies on the Cartesian construction of a subject who views arguments from the point-zero perspective, separating their truth-claims from their point of view – this roots knowledge production in the perspective of the Western conqueror, which causes the Islamic Other to be framed as inferior and makes racist policies inevitable.

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

Occidentalism created the epistemic privilege and hegemonic identity politics of the West from which to
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1979) and they contribute to the Western arrogant dismissal of Islamic thinkers.

This causes Islamic threat construction in debates about Presidential War Powers, which creates a self-fulfilling prophecy – historically discourse about Islam being incompatible with Western values was coopted to establish authoritarian regimes in Saudi Arabia and deployed by Orientalists to justify the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan.

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

As Talal Asad also observed (2003), the construction of an Islamic threat,
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see e.g. The Passion of the Christ by Mel Gibson).

Our critical analysis is key – efforts to exclude the affirmative replicate censorship by the Bush Administration to stifle opposition to the reductionist ideology of the clash of civilizations responsible for a self-fulfilling prophecy

Bottici and Challand 6 (Chiara Bottici, University of Florence, and Benoi?t Challand, European University Institute, Rethinking Political Myth: The Clash of Civilizations as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 2006, European Journal of Social Theory 9(3): 315–336) PC

Surprisingly, the idea of a clash of civilizations, when it first appeared,
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what is consciously learned and what is unconsciously apprehended by exposure to it.

This space is key—interrogating Islamophobia in educational settings is critical to establish a critical consciousness that enables larger projects

Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology
~Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK "What’s the point? Anti-racism and students’ voices against Islamophobia", Volume 15, Issue 1~
Having reflected on the two seminar sessions on Islamophobia and the student comments, I
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is to education that our attention should be directed.’ (162)

Without a criticism of the way we construct the Muslim identity, legal reformism is doomed to failure.  That criticism is impossible under current policy-making frameworks, because they reaffirm Western norms and posit Muslims and non-Western institutions as antithetical to those norms.

Volpp 2 (Leti Volpp, Associate Professor, American University, Washington College of Law, The Citizen and the Terrorist, 2002, 49 UCLA L. Rev. 1575) PC

In the American imagination, those who appear "Middle Eastern, Arab, or
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bodies are always marked and disrupt the idea of integration or assimilation. n93

====Discourse and representations matter – apocalyptic terrorism scenarios are grounded in vested political interests and violent modes of national-identity formation in which political reforms are used to carve the world into liberal and illiberal spheres—-the impact is a racist extermination of alterity and expansive structural violence  ====
Bryan 12 (Desiree, Research Assistant Intern at Middle East Institute. MScECON Candidate: Security Studies at Aberystwyth University, The Popularity of the ’New Terrorism’ Discourse, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/22/the-popularity-of-the-new-terrorism-discourse/)
New Terrorism vs. Old Terrorism
The opening sentence of a textbook on terrorism states, "Terrorism has been a
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several ways in which this popularity is manifested and reinforced in contemporary society. 

Deconstructing and interrogating flawed assumptions behind Islamophobia is critical to establish a transformative and liberatory pedagogy that enables us as agents to challenge racist dynamics

Zine 4, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies
~2004, Jasmin Zine is a researcher studying Muslims in the Canadian diaspora. She teaches graduate courses in the Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto in the areas of race and ethnicity, anti-racism education and critical ethnography., "Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy: Reflections from the Educational Front Lines", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3~
As an anti-racism scholar and educator, fellow colleagues and I realized from
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" is important to exposing how power operates through the politics of representation.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pittsburgh BC | Judge: Edmund Zagorin

Puar flows aff – only our focus can examine the intersection of heteronormativity and fear of Islam in our detention policy solves

Puar 7 (Jasbir K., Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times, Chapter 3 – Intimate Control, Infinite Detention: Rereading the Lawrence Case, 2007, Duke University Press) PC

Second, the ACLU report is notable for its presentation of detention. In-¶
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ascendancy of whiteness and, the ascendancy of heteronorms are biopolitical comrades. '

The Aff comes first – the fear of Islam shapes institutional notions about gender norms, creating discipline against deviance through current war on terrorism policies

Beauchamp 09 (Toby, University of California, Davis. 2009. Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and U.S. State Surveillance After 9/11. Surveillance and Society 6(4): 356-366.) PC

But not all gendered bodies are so easily normalized. Dominant notions of what constitutes
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in the case of the Advisory’s focus on Al-Qaeda, Islamophobia.

Isolating queerness turns the K – it makes the alt complicit with racist war-on-terrorism policies, which reinforces dichotomies between safe trans and terrorist trans

Beauchamp 09 (Toby, University of California, Davis. 2009. Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and U.S. State Surveillance After 9/11. Surveillance and Society 6(4): 356-366.) PC

That medico-legal system itself works to track and document gender-nonconforming bodies
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positions itself as a non- threatening, safe, even patriotic organization.

Their kritik is overbroad and obscures scholarship about the material and ideological causes of Islamophobia

Zanghellini 12 (Aleardo, Are Gay Rights Islamophobic? A Critique of Some Uses of the Concept of Homonationalism in Activism and Academia, Social and Legal Studies 2012) PC

This article critiques some recent scholarly and activist contributions to the debate about gay rights
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what range of justifications should be used to secure or grant those rights.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Kanellopoulos

Submitting the authority to indefinitely detain to legal restrictions legitimates the practices and subverts the question of process and rights to the laws of war.

Blank 2011 Laura, Director at the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at the Emory University School of Law, “A Square Peg in a Round Hole: Stretching Law of War Detention Too Far,” 63.4 Rutgers Law Review 1169
On March 7, 2011, President Obama issued Executive Order 13,567,
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ordinary course of the business of armed conflict, which it is not.

The attempt to address racial justice through the law exemplifies the failure of progressivism, which always seeks to define racial justice as already coming by focusing on the march of law, ignoring those left behind.  The move to further criminalize racist practices preserves racial hierarchy

Amy Kapczynski - Post-Doctoral Fellow in Law and Public Health, Yale Law School. J.D. - February, 2005 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1041 “THE FUTURE OF A PAST: HISTORICISM, PROGRESS, AND THE REDEMPTIVE CONSTITUTION”  

1. Race and Preservation Through Transformation Consider first the legacy of slavery in our
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   aided and abetted by the very rules that purported to disestablish them." 196

The law’s self-legitimation is intimately connected to the military’s capacity for ultimate violence, the natural goal of defending the nation is established through collective memory which permits self-destruction to preserve them

Ariella Azoulay - Professor of Visual Culture and Contemporary Philosophy, Bar Ilan U - February, 2005 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1005 “THE FUTURE OF A PAST: THE LOSS OF CRITIQUE AND THE CRITIQUE OF VIOLENCE”  
Benjamin wrote "Critique of Violence" in the wake of World War I,
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might challenge the state's monopoly in the name of its natural goals. 43

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Kanellopoulos

Case outweighs - Dehumanization comes first

Berube ’97 (David, Ph.D. in Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side”, NanoTechnology Magazine, June/July 1997, p. 1-6, htm)
This means-ends dispute is at the core of Montagu and Matsou’s treatise on
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inevitable for every epoch has evil and dehumanization is evil’s most powerful weapon.

Their description of the terrorist threat is over-exaggerated- these impact claims not only undermine the credibility of all terror scholarship, but are used to legitimize wars, torture, targeted killings, and elimination of civil liberties.

Jackson, Director at the National Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, 8
(Richard, 2/14/08, “The Study of Terrorism after 11 September 2001: Problems, Challenges and Future Developments,” Political Studies Review, volume: 7, p. 171.184, CPO)
The vast majority of terrorism studies are predicated on, or at the very least
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security services, increased military spending and the like (Jackson, 2007b)

Terrorism studies fail – lack of primary research, recycled data, lack of theoretical backing and the focus on a problem solving approach.

Gunning, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University, ‘7
Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?”, Government and Opposition, Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 363–393, Summer 2007, RSR
Reviews of ‘terrorism studies’– or ‘terrorism research’ for those who dispute that
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into which they are organised, as the given framework for action’.32

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitman AP | Judge: Deven Cooper

Their reliance on macro-structural explanations for instances of racism in the university is incomplete – the failure to understand racism as a cultural practice external to the modes of production makes their method ineffective and susceptible to Eurocentric thought

West 89 (Cornel West, Honorary Chair, Democratic Socialists of America, Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism, Democratic Socialists of America, 1989, http://www.chicagodsa.org/CornelWest.html, da 12-27-13) PC

A new analysis of racism builds on the best of Marxist theory (particularly Antonio
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of "scientific" rationality, are linked to particular ways of life.

Their alternative lacks a critical engagement of Euro-centrism that perpetuates the myth of post-racism societies, which masks instances of racism such as veil laws, or indefinite detention

Grosfoguel and Mielants 6 (Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California - Berkeley, and Eric Mielants, Fairfield University, The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge: Vol. 5:Iss. 1, Article 2., 23 September 2006, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/humanarchitecture/vol5/iss1/2, da 10-12-13) PC

It does not matter if the Western domestic political system is the British multicultural model
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anti-Arab racism, especially in the United States (Salaita 2006).

Our methodology works – Deconstructing and interrogating flawed assumptions behind Islamphobia is critical to establish a transformative and liberatory pedagogy that enables us as agents to challenge racist dynamics

Zine 4, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies
2004, Jasmin Zine is a researcher studying Muslims in the Canadian diaspora. She teaches graduate courses in the Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto in the areas of race and ethnicity, anti-racism education and critical ethnography., “Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy: Reflections from the Educational Front Lines”, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3
As an anti-racism scholar and educator, fellow colleagues and I realized from
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” is important to exposing how power operates through the politics of representation.

Tournament: Val RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Carly Wunderlich

Plan Text

Plan: The United States Congress should establish a National Security Court with exclusive jurisdiction over cases pursuant to Section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012.

Leadership

The plan’s external oversight on detention maintains hegemony-~--legitimacy is the vital internal link to global stability.

Knowles 9 (Robert, Acting Assistant Professor at NYU School of Law, Spring, “Article: American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution”, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, Lexis

The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
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courts to reduce the "deference gap" between foreign and domestic cases.

US benevolent hegemony is critical to global peace – material power is irrelevant and the alternative causes massive wars.

Kromah 9 (Lamii, Master Student in IR, February 2009, Lamii Moivi Kromah at the Department of International Relations
University of the Witwatersrand, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf?sequence=1

A final major gain to the United States from the benevolent hegemony has perhaps been
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to facilitate its ability to extract contributions from other members of the system.

Statistical evidence shows US policy towards indefinite detention is both necessary and sufficient.

Welsh 11 (David, J.D. from the University of Utah. He is currently a doctoral student in the Eller School of Business at the University of Arizona where his research focuses on organizational fairness and ethics, "Procedural Justice Post-9/11: The Effects of Procedurally Unfair Treatment of Detainees on Perceptions of Global Legitimacy”, 9 U.N.H. L. Rev. 261, March 2011

Today, many individuals throughout the world question whether the United States has engaged in
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with the unique procedural issues created by a growing number of suspected terrorists.

Next, blanket indefinite detention violates the Geneva Convention – doesn’t differentiate between types of combatants nor the different durations of conflict.

Murphy 7 (Law Professor at George Washington University Law School, “Evolving Geneva Convention Paradigms in the¶ 'War on Terrorism': Applying the Core Rules to the¶ Release of Persons Deemed 'Unprivileged¶ Combatants'”, GW Law Faculty Publications and Other Works, 2007, RSR

The general assertion that all detainees at Guantánamo Bay may be detained for the “
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soon as the reasons which necessitated his¶ internment no longer exist.”143

US Failure to adhere to Geneva undermines the entire Geneva regime

Beard 7 (Jack, ecturer at UCLA former Deputy General Counsel at the D.o.D., “The Geneva Boomerang: The Military Commissions Act of 2006 And US Counterterror operations,” The American Journal of International Law, KM

At a fundamental level, unilateral revision of the Geneva Conventions by the United States
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that other countries are unlikely to maintain the stringency of their own commitments.

The Geneva Conventions are key to prevent the development and use of chemical and biological weapons.

GCSP 5 Geneva Centre for Security Policy, “Biological and Chemical Weapons Seminar,” June 2005, http://www.gcsp.ch/e/meetings/Security_Challenges/WMD/Meeting_Conf/2005/BC20Weapons20Seminar/summary.htm, KM

On 9-10 June 2005, the GCSP hosted an international seminar initiated by
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use but also the production and possession of both chemical and biological weapons.

Bioweapons cause extinction – new advances in biotech

Myhrvold 13 (Nathan, former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, founder of Intellectual Ventures—one of the largest patent holding companies in the world, “Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action”, The Lawfare Research Paper Series  Research paper NO . 2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf

Biotechnology is advancing so rapidly that it is hard to  keep track of all the
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cause compares with that of other calamities  that the human race has faced.

A national security court would solve US compliance with Geneva - allows for oversight to review the individual detentions

McCarthy and Velshi 9 Andrew (Director of the Center for Law and Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies) and Alykhan (staff attorney at the Center for Law and Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force), “We Need a National Security Court”, Submission for AEI, 2009, RSR

The NSC would oversee a new process for ¶ monitoring and reviewing the detention of
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their home countries (or in countries where they have committed crimes). ¶

Increased Scrutiny

Increased scrutiny over detention has resulted in a shift to drones and renditions.

Goldsmith 9 (Jack, Professor of Law at Harvard and member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, “The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html
(Also makes the claim that Obama would rather detain in the first place.)

The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at
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help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.

Specifically, status quo ambiguity causes this shit - the aff’s Congressional statute is key to reverse that.

Chertoff 11 (Michael, Former Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security,
THE DECLINE OF JUDICIAL DEFERENCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, Rutgers Law Review, 3 February 2011, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf, pg. 1125-1128

So, where has this left us? It has left us in a puzzling
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the courts when ¶ dealing with these kinds of sensitive national security issues.

Scenario 1 is Drones

US drone use is creating an international drone arms race —how the US drone uses its drones sets a precedent

Farley 11 (Robert, Assistant Professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Oct. 12, 2011, World Politics Review, “Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent”, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent

Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Lack of US-led norms cause Chinese drone aggression in maritime disputes-~--that increases tensions.

Bodeen 13 (Christopher, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html

BEIJING -- Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China's
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camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

That leads to US-Sino nuclear war and extinction.

Fisher 11 (Max, foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, “5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616

Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in any kind of
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Soviet mishaps of the 1980s -- is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Scenario 2 is Rendition

Rendition results in massive allied backlash that guts counter terrorism cooperation.

Huq 6 (Aziz, associate counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law, “Extraordinary Rendition and the Wages of Hypocrisy”, World Policy Journal, Spring 2006, RSR

Mearsheimer’s analysis may well be true in regard to relations between states. But in
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that the operation had been conceived in a reckless and foolish manner.30 

WMD terrorism is feasible and dangerous – top experts agree

Bunn et al 13 (Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School andCo-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html

I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
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the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.

A nuclear terror attack results in extinction – equivalent to a full scale nuclear war.

Toon 7 (Owen B., chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf

To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
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should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Plan solves –

First, plan would preserve the intelligence value of detention by recognizing the executive nature of warfighting.

McCarthy and Velshi 9 Andrew (Director of the Center for Law and Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies) and Alykhan (staff attorney at the Center for Law and Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force), “We Need a National Security Court”, Submission for AEI, 2009, RSR

What is an asset in the criminal justice system, however, would be a
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be at liberty to create new entitlements by analogizing to ordinary criminal proceedings.

Second, plan solves rendition pressures by accommodating concerns from all sides to prevent forum shopping.

Kimery 9 (Anthony, Homeland Security Today's Online Editor and Online Media Division manager draws on 30 years of experience and extensive contacts as he investigates homeland security, counterterrorism and border security, citing Glenn Sulmasy, first permanent commissioned military law professor at the Coast Guard Academy, where he is a Professor of Law teaching international, constitutional, and criminal law, "The Case For A 'National Security Court'", December 3, www.hstoday.us/blogs/the-kimery-report/blog/the-case-for-a-national-security-court/a9333d82c11cecd35e74c8c0b65c2698.html

However, in interviews with HSToday.us, Sulmasy argued that “we have
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, but it would serve as a template for other nations to emulate.

Solvency

The court preserves national security while sending an international signal

Sulmasy 6 (Commander and associate professor of law at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy,
Glenn, “THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE AFTER HAMDAN:¶ THE CREATION OF HOMELAND SECURITY¶ COURTS”, NEW ENG. J.INT'L and COMP.L., Vol. 13, RSR

Article I judges with law of armed conflict expertise would proceed¶ over the trials
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¶ colleagues, this proposal certainly requires further elaboration prior to¶ implementation.

Congressional action is the only way to make the executive accountable – empirically proven, the court will back them up and preserves executive flexibility.

Harvard Law Review 12 “RECENT LEGISLATION”, Vol. 125, 2012, RSR

Just as the Commander-in-Chief power is not preclusive with respect to
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Just because a congressional policy choice is wrong does not make it unconstitutional.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Gordon Stables

We must bring the voices of those who can’t speak for themselves here

Park 10
2010, James Park, “EFFECTUATING PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE IN ENDING INDEFINITE DETENTION: HISTORICAL REPETITION AND THE CASE OF THE UYGHURS”, 31 Whittier L. Rev. 785
George Orwell once wrote in The Road to Wigan Pier regarding empire and the complicity
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after years of imprisonment without the subject of their innocence ever being addressed.

Trying to stop suffering is good – it affirms life and allows people the choice of how they want to find meaning in life

Smolkin 89 (Mitchell Smolkin. Understanding Pain, 1989 p75-79)

For Camus, the absurdity of the human condition consists in the incongruity between what
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rats again and send them forth to die in a happy city.”76 

Their self-effacing gesture reinforces privilege and only requires the subaltern to achieve political change

Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 45-46)
But Spivak is quick to examine the other side of the equation. She reproaches
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privileged group’s own ability to speak and be heard’ (1991: 26).

The criticism of racist detention policies is silenced in the academy, creating a form of indefinite containment – that creates a form of political apathy that controls people outside of the prison walls and turns indefinite detention into infinite detention

Puar 7 (Jasbir K., Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times, Chapter 3 – Intimate Control, Infinite Detention: Rereading the Lawrence Case, 2007, Duke University Press) PC
*NSEERS = National Security Entry-Exit Registration System

Sunaina Maira writes of Muslim communities in the greater Boston area,¶ “There is
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outside¶ s these parameters or could perform as if outside these parameters.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson BU | Judge: Nick Sciullo

Robust historical analysis proves we have a better explanation for the cause of instances of racism in civil society – our focus on discourse outweighs their sweeping ontological claims about civil society

West 89 (Cornel West, Honorary Chair, Democratic Socialists of America, Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism, Democratic Socialists of America, 1989, http://www.chicagodsa.org/CornelWest.html, da 12-27-13) PC

For the first step-the genealogical inquiry into predominant European supremacist discourses-there
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thereby limit the chances for less racist, less ethnocentric discourses to flourish.

No root cause: They assume that anti-black animus arises from nothingness but its caught up in a broader web of historical power relationships like Islamophobia and nativism

Charoenying (citing Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Prof of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley) 8
Timothy, Islamophobia and Anti-Blackness: A Genealogical Approach, http://crg.berkeley.edu/content/islamophobia-anti-blackness-genealogical-approach
The year 1492 marked a major  turning point in the trajectory of Western Civilization.
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the way for the enslavement and human trafficking of sub-Saharan Africans.

The permutation solves best. An intersectional approach towards race and the fear of Islam incorporates the historical legacy of racism while understanding the particularities of contemporary racism.

Naber, Women’s Studies Professor at the University of Michigan, ‘8
Nadine, “"Look, Mohammed the Terrorist Is Coming!" Cultural Racism, Nation-Based Racism, and the Intersectionality of Oppressions after 9/11”, The Scholar and Feminist Online, Issue 6, No. 3, Summer 2008, RSR
In response to the post-September 11th backlash, the category "Arab,
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conceptualizations of race and racism in a post-9/11 environment.

Their criticism of the university is too broad – instead of consuming knowledge from the university, students can teach themselves through research and radical pedagogy, which changes the social context of learning

Pusey and Noterman 12 (Andre Pusey is a PhD candidate in the School of Geography (University of Leeds) and assists with some teaching on the MAASC course. Elsa Noterman studied part-time and assisted with the course for a year, before returning the United States, Inside, Outside, and on the Edge of the Academy: Experiments in Radical Pedagogies, Anarchist Pedagogies: Collective Actions, Theories, and Critical Reflections on Education Edited by Robert H. Haworth, 2012 PM Press, http://rebels-library.org/files/anarchistpedagogies.pdf#page=179, da 3-16-14) PC

At the University of Lincoln a project called “student as producer” has been
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universities walls, which often intentionally posit themselves against traditional hierarchical educational institutions.

Focusing upon the traumatic elements of black subjectivity denies the agency present within black attempts at thwarting white supremacy and domination. Specifically, this prevents them from resolving issues of indefinite detention that is promoted by structures constituted by whiteness.

Walker 12 (Tracey, Graduate of Psychosocial Studies at Birbeck University of London, Graduate Journal of Social Science July 2012, Vol. 9, Issue 2, " The Future of Slavery: From Cultural Trauma to Ethical Remembrance" http://gjss.org/images/stories/volumes/9/2/Walker20Article.pdf)

To argue that there is more to the popular conception of slaves as victims who
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relation with our ancestors who lived and survived in the time of slavery. 

Anti-blackness is not an ontological antagonism---conflict is inevitable in politics, but does not have to be demarcated around whiteness and blackness---the aff’s ontological fatalism recreates colonial violence

Peter Hudson 13, Political Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa, has been on the editorial board of the Africa Perspective: The South African Journal of Sociology and Theoria: A Journal of Political and Social Theory and Transformation, and is a member of the Johannesburg Workshop in Theory and Criticism, The state and the colonial unconscious, Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies, 2013
Thus the self-same/other distinction is necessary for the possibility of identity
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, as distinct from “subject” position based on a determinate identity.