Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: James Stevenson

Norms

Zero chance that U.S. self-restraint causes any other country to give up their plans for drones.

Boot, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, ’11
~Max, 10/9/11, and#34;We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes,and#34; Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/~~

The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams
AND
the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

Double bind - either

A) Fears of international backlash and creating a precedent for U.S. strikes prevent China drone use

Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, and Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 (Andrew and Austin, China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13) PC

Drones, able to dispatch death remotely, without human eyes on their targets or
AND
areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China’s Defence Ministry.

OR

B) Actors can’t be checked which makes drone prolif and use inevitable

Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html, da 8-2-13) PC

Obama administration officials have said they are weighing various options to codify the use of
AND
have to first stop science, and then business, and then war.and#34;

Restricting the use of drones is impossible – unrestrained use is inevitable.

Steigerwald ’13 (Lucy, and#34;The Inevitability of Drones in the US and Abroadand#34;, Anti War, 4-29-13, http://antiwar.com/blog/2013/04/29/the-inevitability-of-drones-in-the-u-s-and-abroad/-http://antiwar.com/blog/2013/04/29/the-inevitability-of-drones-in-the-u-s-and-abroad/, RSR)
The proliferation of drones will not long be an American issue alone. and#34;The
AND
efficient killing machines abroad, and the ideal mechanisms for surveillance at home.

New technology makes drone proliferation by state and non-state actors inevitable

Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html, da 8-2-13) PC

Obama administration officials have said they are weighing various options to codify the use of
AND
have to first stop science, and then business, and then war.and#34;

No Senkaku or Asian conflict- empirically denied, economic interdependence checks, and China avoids nationalism.

Carlson ’13 (Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department.
AND
or especially conducive to improving Sino-Japanese relations, will be enduring.

No public backlash in Pakistan or Yemen—-just as many people love them as hate them.

Boot, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, ’13
~Max, 2/6/13, and#34;Obama Drone Memo is a Careful, Responsible Document,and#34; http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/02/06/obama-drone-memo-is-a-careful-responsible-document/~~
Drone strikes are by no means risk free, the biggest risk being that by
AND
died in January of wounds received in a drone strike late last year.and#34;

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: James Stevenson

Pakistan

Drone strikes are less utilized in the status quo, and are killing record low levels of civilians- takes out their Internal link to instability

Cahall 13 (Bailey, research associate with the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, July 2nd 2013, New report says CIA drone strikes in Pakistan at an all-time low, afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/02/report_cia_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_at_all_time_low
A new report released by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism on Monday notes that the
AND
sharply falling civilian casualty rate for the past year on CNN.com. 

====Taliban takeover and Pakistani collapse inevitable====
IANS 11 (India’s largest independent news service, January 16, and#34;A Disintegrating Pakistan: Choices For The United States And Indiaand#34; http://www.sify.com/news/a-disintegrating-pakistan-choices-for-us-and-india-news-international-lbqjaeheiee.html)
Islamic fanaticism, conjoined with military authoritarianism, has ripped Pakistan to shreds and soon
AND
we have known them, it is indeed the end of the affair.

Rationality prevents nuclear war from occurring

Chari 11 (research professor at the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies in New Delhi, former member of the Indian Administrative Service. How they learned to stop worrying and junk the bomb, Mar 15, 2011,
A different line of reasoning is required to recognise the essential truth underlying nuclear weapons
AND
theatre of operations, fearing escalation of the conflict and possible nuclear confrontation.
International pressure ensure no indo-pak war
Dhanda 11 ~Suresh Dhanda, Department of Political Science, S.A.Jain College _{Haryana, India, International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online) Vol 2, 2011, and#34;Dangers of Missile Race in South Asia: an India-Pakistan Perspectiveand#34; http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/view/1065/985 SS~
Fourthly, India and Pakistan will face international opprobrium if they opt to deploy nuclear
AND
not seem to engender the same level of concern in the international community.}

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability- multiple alternatives cause.

Javaid ’11 (Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies 26 Chairperson Department of political
AND
concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.

====Taliban takeover and Pakistani collapse inevitable====
IANS 11 (India’s largest independent news service, January 16, and#34;A Disintegrating Pakistan: Choices For The United States And Indiaand#34; http://www.sify.com/news/a-disintegrating-pakistan-choices-for-us-and-india-news-international-lbqjaeheiee.html)
Islamic fanaticism, conjoined with military authoritarianism, has ripped Pakistan to shreds and soon
AND
we have known them, it is indeed the end of the affair.

Drones crush terrorists and solve militant takeover in Pakistan

Nadim 2012 (Hussain Nadim, visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, August 8, 2012, and#34;How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan,and#34; National Interest, nationalinterest.org/how-drones-changed-the-game-pakistan-7290)
Regardless of what the news agencies in Pakistan claim about the negative effects of drone
AND
at all as long as they get to burn a few American flags.

Executive war power primacy now – Syria debate proves.

Posner, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, 9-3
~Eric, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html~~
¶ President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

Congressional control of targeted killing wrecks flexibility

Issacharoff and Pildes, ’13
~Samuel (Reiss Professor of Constitutional Law, New York University School of Law) and Richard (Family Professor of Constitutional Law, New York University School of Law; CoDirector, NYU Program on Law and Security), and#34;Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,and#34; PUBLIC LAW 26 LEGAL THEORY RESEARCH PAPER SERIES WORKING PAPER NO. 13-34 Star Chamber=politicized secret court from 15th century England, symbol of abuse~
Procedural Safeguards
As with all use of lethal force, there must be procedures in place to
AND
, such as the intelligence committees, to play this role effectively.65

Strong executive war powers key to fighting terrorists

Royal 2011 (John Paul Royal, Institute of World Politics, and#34;War Powers and the Age of Terrorism,and#34; Center for the Study of the Presidency 26 Congress The Fellows Review, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf)
Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), especially nuclear   weapons, into the
AND
changes, Congress possesses the intrinsic   power to rescind and limit these powers.

Nuclear terror is possible and results in extinction.

Dvorkin, Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ’12
~Vladimir, The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, and#34;What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat,and#34; belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html~

Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

No India-Pakistan conflict or Kashmir impact – global economic integration.

Marmoon 7 (Dawood, Netherlands Fellowship holder at the Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Institute for International Studies and Global Development Network, 12-5-7, and#34;Trading for peaceand#34;, The Broker,
http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/index.php/en/layout/set/print/articles/Trading-for-peace~~

Our research has found that military expenditures tend to move inversely with development spending (
AND
the global economy, the hostilities between them are more likely to diminish.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: J Atchinson

The United States senate should prohibit the executive from using appropriated funds, notwithstanding any other provision of law, for preemptive military force

The plan’s statutory restriction is ambiguous, which forces court intervention. The CP’s hold on appropriations is the ultimate check on executive authority and it sends a clear signal that avoids court action

Raven-Hansen 94 (Peter and William C. Banks, professor of law at University of Virginia, “Pulling the Purse Strings of the Commander in Chief”, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 80, No. 4, May, pgs 848-856, accessed via JSTOR 10/16/2013) PY
The foregoing rules of narrow construction are general rules that ¶ do not apply with
AND
¶ originally conceived as the ultimate check on executive national security practices.11

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Ben Saunders

Images of suffering only create pity – which foregoes all opportunities to have any true relationship with the victims outline in 1ac

Bruckner 1986 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 77-79
We all know that newsmaking follows the lure of trouble, and broadcasting means telling
AND
hopeless choice, and represents nothing but two aspects of the Western imagination. 

The act of pity takes out solvency

Bruckner 1986 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 49-50
The result is a terrible paradox. The more widespread hunger is, the greater
AND
. When catastrophe becomes an everyday thing, it ceases to be catastrophe.

Their obsession with the Guilt of the West eliminates all value to life; culminates in self-destruction

Bruckner 1986 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 63-66
For the prophets of guilty conscience, the tireless sowers of discontent, this disquiet
AND
of the earth. The future of the West is self-destruction. 

Conventional political action is the only way to reform power – Foucault’s alternative fails

Walzer 88 (Michael Walzer, Social Sciene Prof @ Princeton, 1988, Company of Critics, p. 207-9)

Foucault is certianly right to say that the conventional truths of morality, law,
AND
, is also the catastrophe of his political theory and his social criticism.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Ben Saunders

1. Privileging discourse and ideas guarantees mystifying the material conditions that cause class oppression – only a return to material criticism can confront the material oppression of global capitalism

Zavarzadeh 3 (Mas’ud, “The Pedagogy of Totality” p.3-4, in “JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics”, Volume 23.1, http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol23.1.html)

Berube's lesson obscures this CIA which is an extension of U.S. corporations
AND

it is ideology (as I outline it later in this essay).

2. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear

Foster 5 John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, “Naked Imperialism”, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

3. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes

Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

4. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions

Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which
AND
force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 

5. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking

Marx 1859 (Karl, a pretty important dude. “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: Preface” http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm) JM
edited for gendered language

In the social production of their existence, people inevitably enter into definite
AND
conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Central Florida JT | Judge: Shanahan, Bill

1. The status quo solves their aff – Butler needs to cut some updates. The media is no longer hostile to mourning or public critique, their aff has already happened.

Paul Smith, Professor of Cultural Studies at George Mason University, 2004, symploke, Vol. 12, No. 1-2, p. 255-256
In that light, the opening words of Precarious Life—where Butler points to
AND
at such great length, for whose benefit, and with what agenda?

2. They don’t solve – Butler’s theory of discursive politics can’t account for the nature of the contemporary state. Their model of critical citizenship is outdated and never even rises to the level of directly challenging those in power.

Eva Cherniavsky, Assistant Professor of English at Indiana University, June 2005, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 189
The turn to Foucault and to a direct engagement with new modes of state and
AND
subjects and the operation of administrative power that it sets out to overcome. 

3. They can’t stop dehumanization – dominant cultural and media forces will just shift to a different target to exclude from the sphere of the human.

Robin Schott, Ph.D., lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, Education, and Rhetoric, University of Copenhagen, December 20, 2004, online: http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/563/article/297/, accessed September 30, 2006
Butler's discussion of dependency and vulnerability in this book leads her also to use the
AND
merely shift who is considered non-human in different places and times?

4. Turn, biopolitics:
The politics of respecting the Other’s fundamental vulnerability is the foundation of today’s biopolitics – Others are valorized only insofar as they maintain a safe distance and do not harass our vulnerability. This turns politics into nothing more than the administration of weak, vulnerable lives, enabling the ultimate reduction of everyone to bare life.

Slavoj Zizek, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, September 25, 2003, Homo Sacer as the Object of the Discourse of the University, online: http://www.lacan.com/hsacer.htm, accessed October 1, 2006
In the University discourse, is not the upper level ($ — a) that
AND
military and the medical, that of destroying and that of prolonging life.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Vanderbilt BM | Judge: Austin Woodruff

Civilian Courts CP

Text: The Executive branch of the United States should require that terrorism suspects are tried in federal court within 18 months of detention or release the suspects.
Federal courts solve better than any alternatives.

Parry, Professor of Law at the Lewis and Clark Law School, ‘10
John, “LIGHT AT THE END OF THE PIPELINE?: CHOOSING A FORUM FOR SUSPECTED TERRORISTS”, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW, Vol. 156, No. 356, 2010, RSR
A number of commentators have advanced proposals for dealing¶ with suspected terrorists. Many
AND
commissions¶ and hybrid courts are a solution in search of a problem.

Plan destroys US legitimacy, rule of law, and fuels terrorism – turns the aff.

Deborah Colson 09, Acting Director, Law and Security Program at Human Rights First, March, “The Case Against A Special Terrorism Court,” http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/090323-LS-nsc-policy-paper.pdf
Human Rights First believes that all indefinite detention and special court proposals—whatever form
AND
effectiveness of our counterterrorism strategy and the integrity of the American justice system.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: James Stevenson

Off 1

Text: The United States federal government should provide a cause of action for wrongful death lawsuits against the United States for targeted killing decisions by the executive.

Judicial review of the legality of targeted killing effectively limits the scope of Presidential drone strikes – executive officials agree

Jaffer, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, 13 (Jameel, Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, Harvard Law Review, 2013, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php, da 7-29-13) PC

Since 9/11, the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
AND
said that even the mere prospect of judicial review deters error and abuse.

Ex post review is the only way to prevent the drone court from becoming a rubber stamp – turns the Aff

Taylor 13 (Paul is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research and an alumnus of Seton Hall Law School and the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Former DOD Lawyer Frowns on Drone Court, Transparent Policy Blog, 23 March 2013, http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/03/former-dod-lawyer-frowns-on-drone-court/, da 8-15-13) PC

Last week Jeh Johnson, the general council for the Department of Defense during President
AND
, and make the court less likely to become another and#34;rubber stamp.and#34;

Ex ante review legitimizes targeted killings – only ex post review makes targeted killing accurate

Vladeck 13 (Stephen I., Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law, Drones and the War on Terror: When can the U.S. Target Alleged American Terrorists Overseas? Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, 27 February 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf, da 8-28-13) PC

That brings me to perhaps the biggest problem we should all have with a ¶
AND
and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: James Stevenson

Off 2

CP Text: The Executive branch of the United States should limit targeted killings to individuals who U.S. officials claim are being targeted, provide a public accounting of how it meets the principles of distinction and proportionality that the Obama administration claims, review its current policy whereby the executive authority for drone strikes is split between the CIA and JSOC, provide information to the public, Congress and UN special rapporteurs on what procedures exist to prevent harm to civilians, ban the use of signature strikes and never conduct non battlefield targeted killings without an accountable human being authorizing the strike.

Self-Restraint solves

YOUR AUTHOR Zenko 13 (Micah, Dr. Zenko is a Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No.65, January 2013, Reforming US Drone Strike Policies, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf)

The president of the United States should¶ ?? limit targeted killings to individuals who
AND
in warfare in response to ground-based antiaircraft fire or aerial combat).

Backlash against Obama on executive actions won’t gain traction

Ramsey 12
(MICHAEL D. RAMSEY, is Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, and#34;THE FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL LAWYERS CONVENTION—2011: MEET THE NEW BOSS: CONTINUITY IN PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWERS?and#34; Summer, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy, LexisNexis, KB)

Thus there has been an escalation in the use of unconstitutional executive war power under
AND
to the prior administration, but rather the increased disregard of constitutional limits.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas BJ | Judge: Abi Williams

Restraint

CP Text: The Executive branch should limit the requirements for drone strikes in the area of targeted killing based on relevant executive documents outlining the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes

Obama can use memos and executive orders to dictate policy limiting drone strikes and providing information on his policies to Congress

NYT 13 (U.S. Acknowledges Killing 4 Americans in Drone Strikes , 5/23, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/us/us-acknowledges-killing-4-americans-in-drone-strikes.html?pagewanted=all

In his first major speech on counterterrorism of his second term, Mr. Obama
AND
limited use of force for self-defense allowed outside of armed conflict.

Executive Orders best preserve presidential flexibility—saves time and solves for future crises

Machon 6 ~MAJ Matthew J, writing for the School of Advanced Military Studies US Army Command and General Staff College, "Targeted Killing as an Element of U.S. Foreign Policy in the War on Terror", A Monograph, School of Advanced Military Studies, 2006, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a450537.pdf~~AM-http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a450537.pdf5dAM

"The true effect of the executive order is neither to restrict in any meaningful
AND
actions pose a threat to the security of the United States.72¶

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Edmund Zagorin

The existentialist belief in the radical and absolute nature of freedom makes an analysis of gender oppression impossible.  This belief destroys the value to life for women, reducing them to mere perpetuation of existence.

Kruks 1987
(Sonia Kruks is the Robert S. Danforth Professor of Politics at Oberlin, “Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom”, Social Text, No. 17 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 111-122, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466482)
In her autobiography, Simone de Beauvoir at one point  looks back to  a damp
AND
want to argue, proved  to be  impossible within the  confines of Sartreanism. 

?

The alternative is to reject the aff. The existentialist affirmation of radical freedom is a masculine concept.  Only a focus on first liberating woman from the constraints of  patriarchy can enable women to have access to the idea of radical freedom.  We must begin any discussion of radical freedom with the situatedness of the woman.

Kruks 1987
(Sonia Kruks is the Robert S. Danforth Professor of Politics at Oberlin, “Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom”, Social Text, No. 17 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 111-122, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466482)
De Beauvoir rejects the most obvious  and pervasive explanation:  biological  inferiority. There is
AND
of oppression, operating as a manmade analogue  to the forces of nature. 

The belief in existentialism as a source of radical freedom destroys the value to life of woman, the being situated by oppression can only live to avoid dying.

Kruks 1987
(Sonia Kruks is the Robert S. Danforth Professor of Politics at Oberlin, “Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom”, Social Text, No. 17 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 111-122, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466482)
Although Sartre was to begin grappling with some of the problems raised by  this  disjuncture  
AND
learned, moreover, of  the vulnerability of human freedoms to  human destruction.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Ben Saunders

1. Their infatuation to theoretical purity makes political and institutional engagement impossible.  Political engagement is always cast against the theoretical purity of abstract philosophizing.  This also turns their argument because, despite their radical aspirations, critique smuggles metaphysical distinctions between thinking and acting, purity and impurity, and truth and falsity into the judge’s decisionmaking calculus.

Yar 2k (Majid, Ph.D in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, “Arendt's Heideggerianism: Contours of a `Postmetaphysical' Political Theory?,” Cultural Values, Volume 4, Issue 1, January, Academic Search Complete)

Similarly, we must consider the consequences that this 'ontological substitution' for the essence of
AND
politics of any other practical and normative ends in the process.21

2. The political is value to life—it is how originally solipsistic lives become incarnate and real to themselves.

Arendt 1958 Hannah, The Human Condition, pp. 196-199
The original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailty had been the foundation of the
AND
like a dream, intimately and exclusively our own but without reality.29

3. No solvency for their critique without institutional focus.  We must try to change policy in order to change the world—the concentration of power in the hands of political elites is inevitable, so we must work within that system to check oppression and violence.

Themba-Nixon 2k Makani, Executive Director of the Praxis Project, Colorlines 3.2, pg. 12

The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is
AND
should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.

Highlighting the US as a source of racial injustice and calling for self-determination is a failing movement.  We must discuss political solutions, rather than radical rejection, to explain contemporary racial dynamics.

Winant 2006 (Howard, Temple University, "Race and Racism: Towards a Global Future." Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol. 29, no. 5 (September 2006), pp. 986-1003. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/routledge/01419870.html)
Question: what happened to the civil rights movement ideal of a colorblind society?
AND
nonracialism, intersectionality, etc. -- that are the central subjects here.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber AM | Judge: Josh Yake

1NC

CP

CP Text: The Executive branch of the United States should limit targeted killings to individuals who U.S. officials claim are being targeted, provide a public accounting of how it meets the principles of distinction and proportionality that the Obama administration claims, review its current policy whereby the executive authority for drone strikes is split between the CIA and JSOC, provide information to the public, Congress and UN special rapporteurs on what procedures exist to prevent harm to civilians, ban the use of signature strikes and never conduct non battlefield targeted killings without an accountable human being authorizing the strike.

Self-Restraint solves

YOUR AUTHOR Zenko 13 (Micah, Dr. Zenko is a Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No.65, January 2013, Reforming US Drone Strike Policies, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf)

The president of the United States should¶ ?? limit targeted killings to individuals who
AND
in warfare in response to ground-based antiaircraft fire or aerial combat).

Backlash against Obama on executive actions won’t gain traction

Ramsey 12
(MICHAEL D. RAMSEY, is Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, and#34;THE FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL LAWYERS CONVENTION—2011: MEET THE NEW BOSS: CONTINUITY IN PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWERS?and#34; Summer, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy, LexisNexis, KB)

Thus there has been an escalation in the use of unconstitutional executive war power under
AND
to the prior administration, but rather the increased disregard of constitutional limits.

Flex

Executive war power primacy now – Syria debate proves.

Posner, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, 9-3
~Eric, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html~~
¶ President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

Restrictions on drones collapse flexibility

Harris, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, ’5
~Grant, 2005, JD candidate at time of publication, The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,and#34; Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005~
Legislative reconsideration of the CIA mandate is not without risk. There may be benefits
AND
~ or hamper cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence if not done correctly.

Effective executive response is key to prevent global crises —- specifically: Iranian nuclearization, North African terrorism, Russian aggression, and Senkaku conflict

Ghitis 13
~Frida, world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review. A former CNN producer and correspondent, she is the author of The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television. and#34;World to Obama: You can’t ignore us,and#34; 1/22, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world~~
And while Obama plans to dedicate his efforts to the domestic agenda, a number
AND
of his attention to foreign policy as he did during his inaugural speech.

Senkaku conflict is on the brink —- quick U.S. intervention is key to prevent global nuclear escalation.

Klare, Five College professor of peace and world security studies @ Hampshire College, ’13
~Michael, He holds a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute. and#34;The Next War, 1/23, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html~~
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

Syria DA

US pursuing diplomatic solutions over Syria now, forestalls an Obama strike

Epstein and Raju 9-10 (Jennifer and Manu, President Obama: Give diplomacy a chance, Politico,
http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/obama-syria-chemical-weapons-proposal-96547.html)
President Barack Obama focused his efforts Tuesday on exploring a diplomatic solution that would forestall
AND
use of force would be delayed until next week, at the earliest.

A congressional vote striking down Obama’s authority to use force derails the diplomatic option and causes strikes.

Dinan and Boyer 9-10-13 (Stephen and Dave, Obama asks Congress to delay Syria vote, give diplomacy a chance to work, The Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/10/obama-nobel-peace-prize-winner-insists-us-must-str/~~23ixzz2ejQ11Fm7)
The latest developments also sidetracked Congress, where senators had been barreling toward an early
AND
as long as Congress doesn’t outright vote down his authority to use force.

Unilaterally striking Syria will lead to worse conflict – creates a new civil war that will spillover.

Husain, Senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 8-30
~Ed, and#34;Why Western intervention in Syria will leave chaosand#34;, 8-30-13, CNN,
http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/28/opinion/syria-husain-opinion/index.html-http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/28/opinion/syria-husain-opinion/index.html, RSR~
U.S.-led military strikes in Syria will not change the tide of
AND
, but American bombs creating carnage and killings in yet another Muslim country.

Middle East war draws in major powers and causes global nuclear war

Russell, Editor of Strategic Insights, ’9
~James- Senior Lecturer Department of National Security Affairs, Spring, and#34;Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle Eastand#34; Security Studies Center Proliferation Papers, http://www.analystnetwork.com/articles/141/StrategicStabilityReconsideredProspectsforEscalationandNuclearWarintheMiddleEast.pdf~~-http://www.analystnetwork.com/articles/141/StrategicStabilityReconsideredProspectsforEscalationandNuclearWarintheMiddleEast.pdf5d
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
disaster for the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire

Terrorism

No brink to their impact – their evidence about an attack being imminent is 10 years old.

Drones are solving the terrorism problem now – AQAP activity in Yemen proves.

CNN, 8-9
~and#34;More suspected al Qaeda militants killed as drone strikes intensify in Yemenand#34;, 8-9-13,
http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/08/world/meast/yemen-drone-strike-http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/08/world/meast/yemen-drone-strike, RSR~
The heightened strikes parallel the temporary closing of U.S. embassies and consulates
AND
of territory that were briefly held by AQAP, particularly in the south.

Targeted killing deters—key leaders are worn down and still are still motivated by a desire to live.

Wilner 10, (Alex S. Wilner, Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Targeted Killings in Afghanistan: Measuring Coercion and Deterrence in Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency, Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 No. 4, 09 Mar 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576100903582543)

The literature on targeted killings suggests that they effect the motivation of individuals involved in
AND
can set in and with that, a change in motivation and behavior.

Drones are reducing terrorist violence now.

Johnston and Sarbahi 2013 (Patrick B., associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation and Ph.D. in Political Science at Northwestern University, Anoop K., PhD in political science from UCLA, and#34;The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistanand#34;, July 2013, http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf-http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf, p. 22)
This paper offers a systematic analysis of the relationship between U.S. drone
AND
can alter conventionally accepted and#34;logics of violenceand#34; in civil war.¶ 48

====Banning drones prevents us from effectively disrupting terror cells – many reasons.====
Metz 2013 (Justin Metz, April, 2013, thesis for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in Government for the Wesleyan University Honors College, and#34;The Drone Wars: Uncovering the Dynamics and Scope of United States Drone Strikesand#34; http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=201926context=etd_hon_theses)
In the United States case, because US goals are focused on long-term
AND
strikes are solely responsible for the increased militant attacks on host nations.and#34;90’

Alternatives to drones are worse for credibility—-and even eliminating them’s not enough to solve.

Etzioni, senior advisor to the Carter White House, ’12
~Amitai, taught at Columbia University, Harvard and The University of California at Berkeley; and is a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, 4/2/12, and#34;In Defense of Drones,and#34; http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715 ~

Rohde acknowledges that we are dealing with people who make and plant bombs and train
AND
do if we are going to fight terrorists and those who harbor them.

There’s no impact to anti-drones backlash.

Holmes, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, ’13
~Stephen, July 2013, and#34;What’s in it for Obama?,and#34; The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama-http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama~~

This is the crux of the problem. We stand at the beginning of the
AND
against which antiwar forces are apparently unable to rally even modest public support.

Wiretapping has already killed allied cooperation over terror.

Jordans and DiLorenzo 2013(Frank and Sarah, Boston Globe Staff, July 1, and#34;Kerry tries to quell European outrage over NSA eavesdroppingand#34;, http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2013/07/01/kerry-tries-quell-european-outrage-over-nsa-eavesdropping/i53kOnIwOOfb9BGM5fzkmM/story.html)
French President Francois Hollande demanded on Monday that the United States immediately stop its alleged
AND
series of revelations of US eavesdropping leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.

Iraq is an alt cause to lack of intelligence cooperation

McGill and Gray 12 (Anna-Katherine Staser McGill, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David H. Gray, Campbell University, Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing, Global Security Studies 3(3), Summer 2012, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf, da 9-7-13) PC

The invasion of Iraq provides a perfect example of how the national interests of ¶
AND
intelligence community and thus hurt their reputation in producing ¶ credible intelligence analysis.

Extraordinary rendition hurts intelligence cooperation

McGill and Gray 12 (Anna-Katherine Staser McGill, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David H. Gray, Campbell University, Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing, Global Security Studies 3(3), Summer 2012, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf, da 9-7-13) PC

The CIA’s use of and#34;extraordinary renditionand#34;, the practice of transporting a suspect¶
AND
the ways the US is currently challenged by its relationships with ¶ new allies

Wikileaks hurt intelligence cooperation

McGill and Gray 12 (Anna-Katherine Staser McGill, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David H. Gray, Campbell University, Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing, Global Security Studies 3(3), Summer 2012, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf, da 9-7-13) PC

Continuing on the importance of trust, WikiLeaks has presented a very ¶ threatening situation
AND
media (16). The recent ¶ leaks have only worsened these fears.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, and#34;Force in Our Times,and#34; Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

No impact to terror – their ev is fear mongering.

Mueller and Stewart 12 ~John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, and#34;The Terrorism Delusionand#34;, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~
It seems increasingly likely that the official and popular reaction to the terrorist attacks of
AND
far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.

Too many logistical and technical difficulties.

Gavin, Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs at UT Austin, ’10
 ~Francis, Winter 2009/2010, and#34;Same As It Ever Was: Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War,and#34; International Security 34.3~
Coherent policies to reduce the risk of a nonstate actor using nuclear weapons clearly need
AND
, needs to become just as central to our evaluations of strategies.and#34;54  

Top experts vote neg.

Walt 12 (Stephen, Belfer Professor of International Affairs – Harvard University, and#34;What Terrorist Threat?,and#34; Foreign Policy, 8-13, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/13/what_terrorist_threat)
Remember how the London Olympics were supposedly left vulnerable to terrorists after the security firm
AND
-flung foreign interventions designed to and#34;root outand#34; those nasty jihadis. 

Credibility

Hegemony is dead and unsustainable – other nations are already ignoring or challenging the US and fiscal troubles trump.

Kanin and Meyer, ’12
~David (Adjunct Professor of International Studies at John Hopkins) and Steven (Fellow at the Center for Public Justice), and#34;America’s Outmoded Security Strategy,and#34; Current History, January~
One implication of all this is that the United ¶ States cannot sustainably afford the
AND
reluctance to heed US insistence that it do more to fight the Taliban.

Smooth decline now - fighting to maintain power causes conflict.

Quinn, 11 
~Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy, and#34;The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American powerand#34;, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824,
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~
As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline
AND
seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war—-maintaining unipolarity’s self-defeating which internal link-turns their offense.

(Conflict is inevitable. It’s only a question of escalation)
Montiero, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, ’12
~Nuno, and#34;Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful,and#34; International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40~
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

No impact to heg – best data goes neg.

Fettweis, Department of Political Science at Tulane University, ’11
~Christopher, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO~
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone. 

Soft power fails – persuasion is difficult, the US isn’t trusted and hard power trumps.

Kroenig et. al, ’10
~Matthew (assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations), Melissa McAdam (Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of California), Steven Weber (professor of political science at the University of California), December 2010, and#34;Taking Soft Power Seriouslyand#34;, Comparative Strategy, 29: 5, 412 – 431
http://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_Taking20Soft20Power20Seriously.pdf-http://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_Taking Soft Power Seriously.pdf, RSR~
Foreign policy actors have many reasons to experiment with soft power, not merely because
AND
a way of arguing against the use of military force, for example. 

Alt causes to soft power decline - wiretapping

Arkedis 2013 (Jim Arkedis, Senior Fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute and was a DOD counter-terrorism analyst, and#34;PRISM Is Bad for American Soft Powerand#34;, Jun 19 2013, The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/prism-is-bad-for-american-soft-power/277015/)
The lack of public debate, shifting attitudes towards civil liberties, insufficient disclosure,
AND
terrorists, it’s more likely than not that they will question Washington’s motives. 

Guantanamo and indefinite detention overwhelm the aff.

Nye 2004 
(Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, and#34;Soft Power, The Means to Success in World Politicsand#34;, 2004, http://books.google.com/books?id=HgxTIjQHsdUC26pg=PA5926lpg=PA5926dq=guantanamo+soft+power26source=bl26ots=yfJBCQ6FPA26sig=LZYNtqQK5kX6I3156SEFyyX9Wl026hl=en26sa=X26ei=o5P9UcepDqO1iwLP6oDACQ26ved=0CFkQ6AEwBjgK~~23v=onepage26q=guantanamo2026f=false-http://books.google.com/books?id=HgxTIjQHsdUC26pg=PA5926lpg=PA5926dq=guantanamo+soft+power26source=bl26ots=yfJBCQ6FPA26sig=LZYNtqQK5kX6I3156SEFyyX9Wl026hl=en26sa=X26ei=o5P9UcepDqO1iwLP6oDACQ26ved=0CFkQ6AEwBjgK)
Also damaging to American attractiveness is the perception that  the United States has not lived
AND
to make our preaching on human rights policies  appear hypocritical to some people.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: Weber CS | Judge: Kaitlyn Hanal

1NC

CP

CP Text: The Executive branch of the United States should limit targeted killings to individuals who U.S. officials claim are being targeted, provide a public accounting of how it meets the principles of distinction and proportionality that the Obama administration claims, review its current policy whereby the executive authority for drone strikes is split between the CIA and JSOC, provide information to the public, Congress and UN special rapporteurs on what procedures exist to prevent harm to civilians, ban the use of signature strikes and never conduct non battlefield targeted killings without an accountable human being authorizing the strike.

Self-Restraint solves

YOUR AUTHOR Zenko 13 (Micah, Dr. Zenko is a Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No.65, January 2013, Reforming US Drone Strike Policies, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf)

The president of the United States should¶ ?? limit targeted killings to individuals who
AND
in warfare in response to ground-based antiaircraft fire or aerial combat).

Backlash against Obama on executive actions won’t gain traction

Ramsey 12
(MICHAEL D. RAMSEY, is Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, and#34;THE FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL LAWYERS CONVENTION—2011: MEET THE NEW BOSS: CONTINUITY IN PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWERS?and#34; Summer, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy, LexisNexis, KB)

Thus there has been an escalation in the use of unconstitutional executive war power under
AND
to the prior administration, but rather the increased disregard of constitutional limits.

Flex

Executive war power primacy now – Syria debate proves.

Posner, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, 9-3
~Eric, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html~~
¶ President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

Restrictions on drones collapse flexibility

Harris, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, ’5
~Grant, 2005, JD candidate at time of publication, The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,and#34; Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005~
Legislative reconsideration of the CIA mandate is not without risk. There may be benefits
AND
~ or hamper cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence if not done correctly.

Effective executive response is key to prevent global crises —- specifically: Iranian nuclearization, North African terrorism, Russian aggression, and Senkaku conflict

Ghitis 13
~Frida, world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review. A former CNN producer and correspondent, she is the author of The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television. and#34;World to Obama: You can’t ignore us,and#34; 1/22, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world~~
And while Obama plans to dedicate his efforts to the domestic agenda, a number
AND
of his attention to foreign policy as he did during his inaugural speech.

Senkaku conflict is on the brink —- quick U.S. intervention is key to prevent global nuclear escalation.

Klare, Five College professor of peace and world security studies @ Hampshire College, ’13
~Michael, He holds a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute. and#34;The Next War, 1/23, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html~~
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

Tea Party

Tea Party is failing—lack of public support, elected representatives, and infighting

Edwards-Levy 13 ~Ariel, associate polling editor at Huffington Post Politics, and#34;Tea Party Hits Record Level of Unpopularity in Public Opinion Polland#34;, The Huffington Post Politics, January 7 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/07/tea-party-poll_n_2425833.html~~AM-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/07/tea-party-poll_n_2425833.html5dAM

The Tea Party is more unpopular than ever before, according to a Rasmussen poll
AND
both found that about 20 percent of adults were supporters of the movement.

The plan is a huge win

Grim 13 (Ryan Grim, June 11, 2013, and#34;Divisions Over National Security State Scramble Old Alliances, Political Coalitions,and#34; Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/11/nsa-leak_n_3421415.html)

The contours of the debate around security and civil liberties that began the day after
AND
to the NSA’s surveillance programs, but they found similar patterns of partisanship.

Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises

Politico 7/19 (Mitch McConnell’s fractured Senate GOP caucus , Read more: http://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/senate-republicans-splintering-94451.html~~23ixzz2amsQ0772)
These Senate GOP factions aren’t set in stone, and some Republicans float from one
AND
government or default on the debt unless Obama caves to their spending demands.

Destroys the economy—- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating

Brown 13 (Abram, 1/4, and#34;GOP’s Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy,and#34; www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)

That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in
AND
, though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different.

Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts.  That’s their 1AC Burrows and Harris evidence.

Terrorism

No brink to their impact – their evidence about an attack being imminent is 10 years old.

Drones are reducing terrorist violence now.

Johnston and Sarbahi 2013 (Patrick B., associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation and Ph.D. in Political Science at Northwestern University, Anoop K., PhD in political science from UCLA, and#34;The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistanand#34;, July 2013, http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf-http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf, p. 22)
This paper offers a systematic analysis of the relationship between U.S. drone
AND
can alter conventionally accepted and#34;logics of violenceand#34; in civil war.¶ 48

Targeted killing deters—key leaders are worn down and still are still motivated by a desire to live.

Wilner 10, (Alex S. Wilner, Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Targeted Killings in Afghanistan: Measuring Coercion and Deterrence in Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency, Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 No. 4, 09 Mar 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576100903582543)

The literature on targeted killings suggests that they effect the motivation of individuals involved in
AND
can set in and with that, a change in motivation and behavior.

====Banning drones prevents us from effectively disrupting terror cells – many reasons.====
Metz 2013 (Justin Metz, April, 2013, thesis for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in Government for the Wesleyan University Honors College, and#34;The Drone Wars: Uncovering the Dynamics and Scope of United States Drone Strikesand#34; http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=201926context=etd_hon_theses)
In the United States case, because US goals are focused on long-term
AND
strikes are solely responsible for the increased militant attacks on host nations.and#34;90’

Alternatives to drones are worse for credibility—-and even eliminating them’s not enough to solve.

Etzioni, senior advisor to the Carter White House, ’12
~Amitai, taught at Columbia University, Harvard and The University of California at Berkeley; and is a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, 4/2/12, and#34;In Defense of Drones,and#34; http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715 ~

Rohde acknowledges that we are dealing with people who make and plant bombs and train
AND
do if we are going to fight terrorists and those who harbor them.

Wiretapping has already killed allied cooperation over terror.

Jordans and DiLorenzo 2013(Frank and Sarah, Boston Globe Staff, July 1, and#34;Kerry tries to quell European outrage over NSA eavesdroppingand#34;, http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2013/07/01/kerry-tries-quell-european-outrage-over-nsa-eavesdropping/i53kOnIwOOfb9BGM5fzkmM/story.html)
French President Francois Hollande demanded on Monday that the United States immediately stop its alleged
AND
series of revelations of US eavesdropping leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.

No impact to terror – their ev is fear mongering.

Mueller and Stewart 12 ~John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, and#34;The Terrorism Delusionand#34;, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~
It seems increasingly likely that the official and popular reaction to the terrorist attacks of
AND
far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.

Credibility

Hegemony is dead and unsustainable – other nations are already ignoring or challenging the US and fiscal troubles trump.

Kanin and Meyer, ’12
~David (Adjunct Professor of International Studies at John Hopkins) and Steven (Fellow at the Center for Public Justice), and#34;America’s Outmoded Security Strategy,and#34; Current History, January~
One implication of all this is that the United ¶ States cannot sustainably afford the
AND
reluctance to heed US insistence that it do more to fight the Taliban.

Smooth decline now - fighting to maintain power causes conflict.

Quinn, 11 
~Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy, and#34;The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American powerand#34;, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824,
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~
As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline
AND
seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war—-maintaining unipolarity’s self-defeating which internal link-turns their offense.

(Conflict is inevitable. It’s only a question of escalation)
Montiero, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, ’12
~Nuno, and#34;Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful,and#34; International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40~
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

No impact to heg – best data goes neg.

Fettweis, Department of Political Science at Tulane University, ’11
~Christopher, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO~
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone. 

Soft power fails – persuasion is difficult, the US isn’t trusted and hard power trumps.

Kroenig et. al, ’10
~Matthew (assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations), Melissa McAdam (Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of California), Steven Weber (professor of political science at the University of California), December 2010, and#34;Taking Soft Power Seriouslyand#34;, Comparative Strategy, 29: 5, 412 – 431
http://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_Taking20Soft20Power20Seriously.pdf-http://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_Taking Soft Power Seriously.pdf, RSR~
Foreign policy actors have many reasons to experiment with soft power, not merely because
AND
a way of arguing against the use of military force, for example. 

The scholarship surrounding soft power, and in particular the works of Joseph Nye, are horrendously understudied and lack any real merit.

Mattern, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Singapore, 2005
 (Janice Bially Millenium-Journal of International Studies 33: 583 and#34;Why `Soft Power’ Isn’t So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politicsand#34; pg 591-2 http://mil.sagepub.com/content/33/3/583.abstract-http://mil.sagepub.com/content/33/3/583.abstract) ZLH
So far, however, the notion of attraction has been under-studied in
AND
constructivists) offers a worryingly underdeveloped natural or essentialist version of that phenomenon.

Alt causes to soft power decline - wiretapping

Arkedis 2013 (Jim Arkedis, Senior Fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute and was a DOD counter-terrorism analyst, and#34;PRISM Is Bad for American Soft Powerand#34;, Jun 19 2013, The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/prism-is-bad-for-american-soft-power/277015/)
The lack of public debate, shifting attitudes towards civil liberties, insufficient disclosure,
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terrorists, it’s more likely than not that they will question Washington’s motives. 

Guantanamo and indefinite detention overwhelm the aff.

Nye 2004 
(Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, and#34;Soft Power, The Means to Success in World Politicsand#34;, 2004, http://books.google.com/books?id=HgxTIjQHsdUC26pg=PA5926lpg=PA5926dq=guantanamo+soft+power26source=bl26ots=yfJBCQ6FPA26sig=LZYNtqQK5kX6I3156SEFyyX9Wl026hl=en26sa=X26ei=o5P9UcepDqO1iwLP6oDACQ26ved=0CFkQ6AEwBjgK~~23v=onepage26q=guantanamo2026f=false-http://books.google.com/books?id=HgxTIjQHsdUC26pg=PA5926lpg=PA5926dq=guantanamo+soft+power26source=bl26ots=yfJBCQ6FPA26sig=LZYNtqQK5kX6I3156SEFyyX9Wl026hl=en26sa=X26ei=o5P9UcepDqO1iwLP6oDACQ26ved=0CFkQ6AEwBjgK)
Also damaging to American attractiveness is the perception that  the United States has not lived
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to make our preaching on human rights policies  appear hypocritical to some people.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Vanderbilt BM | Judge: Austin Woodruff

Israel

Obama’s decision to ask congress for authorization over Syria put Israel’s perception of us on the brink – new moves to take authority from Obama and put it in Congress’ hands will cause an Israeli strike against Iran

Kramer 9-17 (Martin, president of Shalem College in Jerusalem, Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong, Commentary, 2013, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/)

The Wall Street Journal ran a symposium over the weekend about world reactions to Obama’s
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in the future, it is quite likely Israel would do the same.
?

Results in multiple scenarios for extinction

Cole 12 (Juan Cole, Professor of History at the University of Michigan, “Cole: Ten Ways an Israeli strike on Iran could radically weaken Israel”, CNN.com, 2-6-2012

What's the worst case scenario of an Israeli air strike on Iran's nuclear enrichment facilities
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Destruction of the U.S.-Soviet standoff of an earlier era.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cal Berkeley | Judge: S Allen, D Ziegler, C Vitolo-Haddad

Michigan’s affirmative action ban in Schuette will remain in place now – Kennedy’s the swing vote and agrees with the power of the popular referendum.

Gringlas and Shahin 13 Sam and Peter, Staff Reporters, “Ann Arbor reacts to monumental Supreme Court decisions”, 6-26-13, The Michigan Daily,
http://www.michigandaily.com/news/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-0?page=0,2, RSR

While the case concerns the legality of Michigan’s ban on affirmative action, it deals
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be difficult to imagine the Supreme Court striking down the referendum in Schuette.”

A decision regarding indefinite detention would spark massive backlash – past decisions and the status quo prove.

Devins 10 Neal, Goodrich Professor of Law and Professor of Government, College of William and Mary,“Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants”, Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 2010, RSR

Throughout the course of its enemy combatant decision making, the Court has moved incrementally
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its muscles without meaningfully undermining the policy preferences of the President and Congress.

Controversial decisions burn capital – justices need to pick their fights.

Grosskopf and Mondak 98 Anke (Assistant Prof of Political Science @ Long Island University) and Jeffrey (Professor of Political Science @ U of Illinois), 1998, “Do attitudes toward specific supreme court decisions matter? The impact of Webster and Texas v Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court” Political Research Quarterly, vol. 51 no 3 633-54

The existence of a strong link between basic values and diffuse support does not necessarily
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to Supreme Court decisions affects institutional support may shape what answer we find.

Judicial capital is key to uphold the ban – otherwise Kennedy will vote switch and stick with precedent to preserve Court legitimacy.

Smith 92 Christopher E. Smith, Pol. Sci. Professor @ Akron, Fall 1992 “SUPREME COURT SURPRISE: JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY'S MOVE TOWARD MODERATION” 45 Okla. L. Rev. 459

There is, of course, no way to know with certainty why Justice Kennedy  
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determine the out-  comes of cases when the Court is deeply divided. 

Upholding the ban is key to preserve states’ rights and federalism.

Bursch, et al 12 John (Michigan Solicitor General); Bill Schuette (Attorney General); Eric Restuccia (Deputy Solicitor General); and Aaron Lindstrom (Assistant Solicitor General), “PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI”, November 2012, RSR

Second, this case involves a constitutional amendment enacted by public initiative. As the
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accorded to  state constitutional provisions, certiorari is appropriate  to review their annulment. 

Federalism is key economic consolidation--which is vital for economic growth

Calebresi 95 (Stephen, Associate Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. B.A. 1980, J.D. 1983, Yale, “Reflections on United States v. Lopez: "A government of limited and enumerated powers: in defense of United States v. Lopez,” 94 Mich. L. Rev. 752, Michigan Law Review, December, lexis, AD: 7/5/9) LS
A third related advantage is that international federations can undertake a host of   which there are significant economies of scale. This is one reason why federations can provide better for the common defense than can their constituent parts. Intercontinental ballistic missiles, nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and submarines, and B-2 stealth bombers tend to be expensive. Economies of scale make it cheaper for fifty states to produce one set of these items than it would be for fifty states to try to produce fifty sets. This is true even without factoring in the North American regional tensions that would be created if this continent had to endure the presence of fifty nuclear minipowers, assuming that each small state could afford to own at least one Hiroshima-sized nuclear bomb. Important governmental economies of scale obtain in other areas, as well, however, going well beyond national defense. For example, there are important economies of scale to the governmental provision of space programs, scientific and biomedical research programs, the creation of transportation infrastructure, and even the running of some kinds of income and wealth redistribution programs.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.

Friedberg and Schoenfeld, ‘8 (Aaron Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html)

Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture
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of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cal Berkeley | Judge: S Allen, D Ziegler, C Vitolo-Haddad

Judicial deference on detention high now – solely presidential discretion.

Thomas Eddlem 7/19/13, writer for The New American, “ NDAA Indefinite Detention Without Trial Approved by Appeals Court,” http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/16026-ndaa-indefinite-detention-without-trial-approved-by-appeals-court
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second District struck down an
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to be all-encompassing and subject solely to the president's discretionary whims.

Reducing court deference breaks the political question doctrine

Lederman 11 (Martin, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, “War, Terror, and the Federal Courts, Ten Years After 9/11: Conference*: Association of American Law Schools' Section on Federal Courts Program at the 2012 AALS Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C.,” American University Law Review, June, 61 Am. U.L. Rev. 1253, Lexis)
Number two: Numerous very important, contested, hotly debated topics have arisen in
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the federal courts have been too timid or too aggressive in this area.

Setting a precedent against the PQD spills over to climate change cases---litigants are turning to the Courts now and asking them to abrogate the PQD

Tribe, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School, ‘10
Laurence H., Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
Two sets of problems, one manifested at a microcosmic level and the other about
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cases demonstrates, the political question doctrine is feeling heat from both directions.

That crushes global coordination necessary to solve climate change.

Tribe, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School, ‘10
Laurence H., Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
But that being said, if the Second Circuit was implying that such claims are
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the climate of the times and its implications for how we govern ourselves. 

Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction

Flournoy 12 -- Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center. Don Flournoy is a PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University (Don, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
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simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 )

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: J Atchinson

Presidential war powers authority captures the legal system—statutory and judicial restrictions on the president only serve to legitimate state monopolies on violence which make the worst atrocities possible.

Morrissey 2011 John, Department of Geography at the National University of Ireland, “Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror,” Geopolitics 16:280-305
Nearly two centuries ago, Prussian military strategist, Carl von Clausewitz, observed how
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transfers of U.S. personnel to the International Criminal Court”.90

The alternative is to reject their understanding of the law as an independent neutral entity with the power to restrict practices apart from practices.  Instead, we should conceive of the law and practice as co-constitutive—this opens up the space to change the relationship between lived decisionmaking and the autocracy of bureaucratic legal determinations.

Krassman 2012 Susan, Professor at the Institute for Criminological Research at the University of Hamburg.  “Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship,” Leiden Journal of International Law 25.03
Foucault did not elaborate on a comprehensive theory of law – a fact that critics
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norms proves to be a tool for introducing a new reading of law.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cal Berkeley | Judge: S Allen, D Ziegler, C Vitolo-Haddad

Text: The United States Congress should establish a National Security Court with sole jurisdiction over cases pursuant to Section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012.

The NSC solves the aff while preventing the release of dangerous terrorists.

Sulmasy, Commander and associate professor of law at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, ‘9
Glenn, The National Security Court System: A Natural Evolution of Justice in an Age of Terror, Oxford University Press, 2009, RSR
Boumediene placed civilian judges with oversight of military detention. Within the civilian law context
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otherwise would be to ensure acquittals in virtually all cases against the detainees.

Nuclear terrorism is possible and leads to extinction.

Dvorkin 12 (Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimir, The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fullerton RS | Judge: Janna White

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempts to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
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Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism. This recreates the violence of liberalism that is the root of Western conquest

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
The outsider narratives do not reflect on another feature of autobiographical discourse that is perhaps
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, rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.

Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over the performance of one’s identity to the reproductive economy of hegemony.

Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146-9)
146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
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become performative utterances, rather than, as Benveniste warned, constative utterances.

The claim that oppression should be the basis for winning a debate round links--the ballot is not a tool of emancipation, but rather a tool of revenge---it serves as a palliative that denies their investment in oppression as a means by which to claim the power of victory

Enns 12—Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University (Dianne, The Violence of Victimhood, 28-30)
Guilt and Ressentiment We need to think carefully about what is at stake here.
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. 23 Let us turn now to an exploration of this third outcome.

The politics of identity is reactionary which ultimately creates an attachment to the status of oppression---the affirmative’s emphasis on anti-blackness and exclusion from Whiteness perversely recreate those as valorized ideals

Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn now to a related problem within
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to the identity being foreclosed through its attention to past-based grievances.

Their elevation of personal narrative over policy deliberation is politically dangerous—their strategy is the same used by the Bush administration to justify invading Iraq—only a model of public argument which emphasizes clear rules and empirical analysis can create a successful framework for progressive politics

Tonn 5 (Mari Boor,  Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland, College Park, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 8.3 (2005) 405-430) 

This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline
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therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself.

Their “polititcs of the body” is a strategy that reinforces a duality elevating the white mind. It justifies further oppression, turning case

Alley-Young 8 (July 2008, Gordon Alley-Young, Assistant Professor in the Department of Communications and Performing Arts at Kingsborough Community College-City University of New York, “Articulating Identity: Refining Postcolonial and Whiteness Perspectives on Race within Communication Studies,” The Review of Communication Vol. 8, No. 3, July 2008)

Descartes’ (1968) mind-body dichotomy holds that the body is divisible into
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cultural allegiances and views native culture as physically oppressive and needing western intervention.

In demanding a personal affirmation of narratives, the aff appropriates those narratives for selfish purposes that elevate the hegemonic expertise of the witness and recreate biopolitical control over the subject

Givoni 11 (Humanitarian Governance and Ethical Cultivation: Médecins sans Frontières and the Advent of the Expert-Witness Michal Givoni Department of Politics and Government, Ben Gurion University, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40(1) 43–63)

In order to gain a fuller understanding of humanitarian ethics it is therefore neces-
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of enlightened subjectivity’ for which medicine has become ‘a privileged site’.21

Narratives support hegemonic structures- they link personal experience to universal unquestionable truth

Ewick and Silbey 95 (Patricia Susan S. Law and Society Review, 00239216, 19, Vol. 29, Issue 2)

In the previous section, we discussed how narratives, like the lives and experiences
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without the requirement to produce an individually crafted narrative of right and liability.

Their narratives of suffering produce flawed knowledge about the other and exclude those whose narratives aren’t about suffering, turning case

Brown 96 (Wendy is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable)
If, taken together, the two passages from Foucault we have been consider-
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is to articulate a variety of possibilities not otherwise available to the sufferer?
The narrative paradigm is uniquely bad in the context of policy debate—precludes the possibility of meaningful comparison of political strategies.
McDonald and Jarman 95 (Director of Forensics at Western Washington University, and Jarman, Director of Debate at Wichita State, Kelly and Jeffrey W “GETTING THE STORY RIGHT: THE ROLE OF NARRATIVE IN ACADEMIC DEBATE,”)
A narrative perspective would be important for shaping the experience of individual debaters for future
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that the theory fails to provide the  necessary precision required by academic debate.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming HT | Judge: Josh Miller

CIR will pass now – top of the docket, and political capital is key

IB Times, 10/16/13, “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220
When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that kicks the fiscal battles over to early
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can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law.”

Plan kills political capital

Hill, 12
(Kashmir, writer for Forbes, "Congress Welcomes The Drones", 2/7, www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/07/congress-welcomes-the-drones/ NL)
The Senate passed a $63 billion bill Monday to provide four years of funding
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door, whether some eye in the sky is watching our every move.”

CIR is key to the economy

Reuters, 13
(Edward Krudy, Reuters, “Analysis: Immigration reform could boost U.
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system doesn't seem to work for anyone," Chipotle spokesman Chris Arnold said.

Economic collapse leads to extinction.

Kemp 10
Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
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expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas BJ | Judge: Abi Williams

Adv CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should develop and implement a mobile Sea Basing naval capability aimed at ensuring adequate United States forward deployment and power projection capabilities.

Sea basing solves hegemony – Allows for rapid forward deployment and global deterrence

Michael Perry, 2009, U.S. navy commander, " Importance of Seabasing to Land Power Generation", U.S.  Army War College, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA50833726Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

Seabasing supports numerous aspects of America’s National Security, Defense  and Military Strategies. This
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of the National Security,  Defense and Military Strategies of the United States.

Hard power key to heg, not soft power

Layne 2009 (Christopher Layne, professor at Texas A26M University, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality?", International Security, Volume 34, Number 1, Summer 2009, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v034/34.1.layne.html )
The—apparent—crux of the Brooks/Wohlforth argument is that the world
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reshape the international system to advance its security interests (p. 218).

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cal Berkeley | Judge: S Allen, D Ziegler, C Vitolo-Haddad

Obama will redefine policies to sidestep detention restrictions

NYT 12 (New York Times, “Secret ‘Kill List’ Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will”, 5/29/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
What the new president did not say was that the orders contained a few subtle
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that have been targets of human rights groups since the 2001 terrorist attacks.

The U.S. will still functionally detain through rendition – Takes out every advantage

OSJI 13 (Open Society Justice Initiative, “Globalizing Torture: CIA Secret Detention and Extraordinary Rendition”, February 2013, http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/globalizing-torture-cia-secret-detention-and-extraordinary-rendition)
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S.
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, and ensure that future counterterrorism operations do not violate human rights standards.

Means they solve nothing.

McGill, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, ‘12
Anna-Katherine Staser and David Gray, Campbell University, Summer 2012, “Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing,” http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf
The CIA’s use of “extraordinary rendition”, the practice of transporting a suspect to
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-to-shoulder with the U.S.” (Heller 1).

The president can still detain suspected terrorists under immigration powers

Cole 9 (David, Law professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, “Out of the Shadows: Preventive Detention, Suspected Terrorists, and War”, 97 California Law Review 693 (2009), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1370andcontext=facpub)
The vast majority of persons detained in antiterrorism measures in the wake of 9/
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imposed without an objective basis—as the aftermath of 9/11 illustrated

Restrictions cause Obama to claim detention power under article 2 – Broadens detention

McAuliff 13 (Michael, Covers Congress and politics for The Huffington Post, “AUMF Repeal Bill Would End Extraordinary War Powers Granted After 9/11”, 6/10/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/10/aumf-repeal-bill-war-powers_n_3416689.html)
But without the AUMF in force, Congress and the administration would have to decide
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Constitution, then we're broadening the power of the presidency to act unilaterally."

The president won’t comply with the plan.

Druck 2012 (Judah A. Druck, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, “DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE,” Cornell Law Review, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf)
By now, the general pattern concerning presidential treatment of¶ the WPR should be
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(under the right circumstances) prevent a WPR suit from moving forward. 

That turns the case—takes out modeling

Marshall 08 – Professor of Law @ University of North Carolina  William P. Marshall, “Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands and Why It Matters,” Boston University Law Review, Vol. 88, Issue 2 (April 2008), pp. 505-522
As Justice Jackson recognized in Youngstown, the power of the Presidency has also been
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no other individual, or institution, can even approximate. Pg. 516

Congress will backlash. It will functionally bar the Court from exercising its authority.

Vladeck, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship @ American University, ‘11
Stephen, “Why Klein (Still) Matters: Congressional Deception and the War on Terrorism,” Journal of National Security Law, Volume 5
¶ Six weeks later, Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act, which included a
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function in the manner they deem appropriate.”56 pg. 257-259

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: James Stevenson

Solvency

Drone court can’t solve – too many legal hurdles.

Rosen 2013
(Jeffrey, professor of law at The George Washington University and the legal affairs editor of The New Republic, and#34;Courting disaster: A new idea to limit drones could actually legitimize them,and#34; The New Republic, February 11, 2013, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112392/drone-courts-congress-should-exercise-oversight-instead~~23-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112392/drone-courts-congress-should-exercise-oversight-instead accessed 8/2)
On Sunday, Robert Gates, the former Pentagon chief for Presidents Obama and Bush
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the president from exercising his war powers without getting judicial approval in advance. 

Doesn’t solve soft power or relations adv

Roma 2013 (Gabor Roma, international legal director at Human Rights First, February 27, 2013, and#34;The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court’,and#34; The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court~~23ixzz2W7ZqeRtN)
But a and#34;drone courtand#34; would be worse than ineffective: it would harm
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act to take place in the future would seem to violate this restriction.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas BJ | Judge: Abi Williams

T

A. Interp: Statutory restrictions on War Powers authority means Congress must take back the power to make basic strategic decisions. Enacting new transparency and reporting requirements while the executive maintains full control is the opposite of the topic.

Ides 84 Associate Professor, Loyola University of LA Law School (Allan, "Congress, Constitutional Responsibility, and the War Power," Loyola of LA Law Review, v. 17, pp. 627-628)
Of course, the President as Commander-in-Chief has the constitutional  authority
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basic strategic decisions as the placement of American armed forces throughout the globe.

Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act.

Taylor 96  Attorney at Gambrell 26 Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

B. Violation – The plan only creates new reporting or consultation requirements for the president to enact targeted killing

C. Reasons to prefer

1. Predictable neg link ground

The neg literature base stems from hamstringing presidential action – this is the crucial link to presidential flexibility, terrorism, interbranch conflict, and separation of powers, all of which form the core of the literature against new controls on presidential war powers. If the aff can simply request new reports or consultation from the president, no action is curbed and the neg can’t generate links to this lit or set of disads. 

2. Makes the topic bidirectional

The aff interp gives them access to consultation and reporting advantages which allows the aff to claim to solve interbranch conflict over the lack of information from the executive—this should be generic neg ground about the President backlashing to new restrictions. Aff interp also allows them to claim the President can INCREASE his use of drones / detention / cyber ops / wars because it’s now legitimated by congressional consultation.  CX is proof they can take a stand on drones good or bad.

D. T is a voting issue for Fairness and Education

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: James Stevenson

Off-3

Tea Party is failing—lack of public support, elected representatives, and infighting

Edwards-Levy 13 ~Ariel, associate polling editor at Huffington Post Politics, and#34;Tea Party Hits Record Level of Unpopularity in Public Opinion Polland#34;, The Huffington Post Politics, January 7 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/07/tea-party-poll_n_2425833.html~~AM-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/07/tea-party-poll_n_2425833.html5dAM

The Tea Party is more unpopular than ever before, according to a Rasmussen poll
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both found that about 20 percent of adults were supporters of the movement.

The plan is a huge win

Grim 13 (Ryan Grim, June 11, 2013, and#34;Divisions Over National Security State Scramble Old Alliances, Political Coalitions,and#34; Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/11/nsa-leak_n_3421415.html)

The contours of the debate around security and civil liberties that began the day after
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to the NSA’s surveillance programs, but they found similar patterns of partisanship.

Tea Party wins snowball—- saves their influence in Congress

Cillizza 12 (Chris Cillizza, December 4, 2012, and#34;Is the tea party dead? Or just resting?,and#34; Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/04/whither-the-tea-party/)

And Jon Lerner, a Republican consultant who works closely with the Club For Growth
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coming legislative fights in Congress could lead to a renaissance in the movement.

Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises

Politico 7/19 (Mitch McConnell’s fractured Senate GOP caucus , Read more: http://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/senate-republicans-splintering-94451.html~~23ixzz2amsQ0772)
These Senate GOP factions aren’t set in stone, and some Republicans float from one
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government or default on the debt unless Obama caves to their spending demands.

Destroys the economy—- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating

Brown 13 (Abram, 1/4, and#34;GOP’s Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy,and#34; www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)

That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in
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, though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different.

Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Burrows and Harris 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
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and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Vanderbilt BM | Judge: Austin Woodruff

Politics

Tea party candidates lose the midterms now.

Page, 11-6
Susan, “Warning flags for the Tea Party and Democrats in 2014”, USA Today, 11-6-13,
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/11/05/warning-flags-for-tea-party-and-democrats-in-2014-midterms/3444207/, RSR
WASHINGTON — As voters in some states cast ballots Tuesday, warning signs flared for
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contest establishment Republicans thought they could have won with a more mainstream candidate. 

Plan’s a wedge issue that causes Tea Party success in the midterms as rank-and-file GOP voters rebel against establishment candidates.

Silver, ‘13
Nathaniel, an American statistician and writer who analyzes in-game baseball activity and elections, June 11, 2013, 538 – NYT, Domestic Surveillance Could Create a Divide in the 2016 Primaries, http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/domestic-surveillance-could-create-a-divide-in-the-2016-primaries/?_r=0
A poll released on Monday by the Pew Research Center and The Washington Post found
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Obama will very likely remain quite popular among Democrats three years from now.

This costs GOP moderates their seats and swings the election to the Tea Party.

PDT, ‘13
Pakistan Daily Times, “Republican rift seeping into US foreign policy”, 8-7-13,
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=20135C085C075Cstory_7-8-2013_pg4_7
Old-guard Republicans like Senator John McCain hew to the traditional line that the
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it would presage a real crackup of the GOP,” he said. Afp

Tea party win collapses any legislative solutions to solve warming.

Cousins, 11-5
Farron, “Tea Party Holding GOP Back On Climate Change”, Desmogblog, 11-5-13,
http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/11/05/tea-party-holding-gop-back-climate-change, RSR
The Republican Party has always been a little reluctant to side with science and accept
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of that particular faction are being dictated by the dirty energy industry itself.

Legislative action on climate solves extinction.

Khosla, ‘9
Ashok, IUCN President, International Union for Conservation of Nature, A new President for the United States: We have a dream, 1-29-09, http://cms.iucn.org/news_events/?uNewsID=2595
A rejuvenated America, with a renewed purpose, commitment and energy to make its
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of pollutants from our wasteful industries, construction, agriculture and transport systems.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Ben Saunders

My partner and I advocate a historical analysis of Japanese internment as a method of criticizing urban renewal.

Net Benefit: Limiting war powers authority is bad

Presidential war powers authority captures the legal system—statutory and judicial restrictions on the president only serve to legitimate state monopolies on violence which make the worst atrocities possible.

Morrissey 2011 John, Department of Geography at the National University of Ireland, “Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror,” Geopolitics 16:280-305
Nearly two centuries ago, Prussian military strategist, Carl von Clausewitz, observed how
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transfers of U.S. personnel to the International Criminal Court”.90