Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: Matt Coleman

1

The Executive branch of the United States federal government should restrict targets of targeted killing operations using remotely piloted vehicles outside declared zones of conflict to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States

Executive action solves norms – nations respond to behavior not legal standards

Roberts 13 (Kristin, When the Whole World Has Drones, National Journal, 21 March 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, da 8-1-13) PC

But even without raising standards, tightening up drone-specific restrictions in the standing
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operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Backlash against Obama on executive actions won’t gain traction

Ramsey 12
(MICHAEL D. RAMSEY, is Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, "THE FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL LAWYERS CONVENTION—2011: MEET THE NEW BOSS: CONTINUITY IN PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWERS?" Summer, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy, LexisNexis, KB)

Thus there has been an escalation in the use of unconstitutional executive war power under
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to the prior administration, but rather the increased disregard of constitutional limits.

Aff kills flexibility

Vermeule 6
Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006,  "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING  PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law Review, Nov., pp. LN.

The reason for the failure of statutory frameworks is plain. When an emergency or
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which is far more ambitious than the other ones - might fare differently.

That causes extinction

Yoo 12
(John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"  Posted Feb 1, 2012,  http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB)

A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power
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time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

Executive action avoids politics

Sovacool 9
Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool 2009 is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization., Kelly E. Sovacool is a Senior Research Associate at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of SingaporeArticle: Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law  2009  34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 333,

  Executive Orders also save time in a second sense.  The President does not
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change law without having to wait for congressional action     or agency regulatory rulemaking.

2

The 1AC’s frame of IR Policy is inherently masculine- the plan cannot be separated from the patriarchy embedded in foreign policy.

Tickner 1 J. Anne, prof  of IR @ USC Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era pg 52, DJ

Does the fact that states’ national-security policies are often legitimated by appealing to
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questionable. In other words, theories cannot be separated from political practice.

Feminist resistance to masculine IR is essential for sustained peace – without the alternative, the patriarchal drive for war ensures a spiraling continuum of armed conflict

Cockburn 10, Cynthia Department of Sociology, The City University London, UK b Centre for the Study of Women and Gender, University of Warwick, UK (2010) ’Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12: 2, 139 — 157

To summarize the argument made above – looking closely at war with a sociologist’s or
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identity – as men – explicitly resisting the exploitation of masculinity for war.

The alternative is to reject the masculine IR logic of the affirmative in favor of a feminist perspective. Rejection of a framework that normalizes masculine warfare is critical to adopt epistemologies centered on a feminist ethic of peace

Cohn and Ruddick 3 (Carol, Researcher and Teacher at Harvard Medical Signs, and Sara, author, A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weapons of Mass Destruction, http://www.genderandsecurity.umb.edu/cohnruddick.pdf) PJ

Both in philosophy and in "western" thought more generally, "objective"
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need to both think inside their frame, and about the frame itself.

3

Tea Party influence is taking a nosedive – recent polls

Sareen 2013
ANJALI SAREEN, Editor at The Huffington Post, "Tea Party Popularity Falls To Record Low, Rasmussen Reports" January 7th, 2013, http://www.mediaite.com/online/tea-party-popularity-falls-to-record-low-rasmussen-reports/
According to a new Rasmussen poll released Monday, the Tea Party is less popular
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"charismatic" Tea Party leadership as a reason for their muted influence.

Tea Party hates drones and is forming a coalition

Yonkman, 13
(David, Newsmax Washington Correspondent, "ACLU, Tea Party Align Aainst Drone Program", Feb 13, www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/aclu-drone-policy-counterterrorism/2013/02/13/id/490246 NL)
The American Civil Liberties Union is joining tea party activists in opposing the use of
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authorized to remotely pilot unmanned, missile-carrying drones against terror suspects. 

Tea Party wins snowball—- saves their influence in Congress

Cillizza 2012 (Chris Cillizza, December 4, 2012, "Is the tea party dead? Or just resting?," Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/04/whither-the-tea-party/)
And Jon Lerner, a Republican consultant who works closely with the Club For Growth
AND
coming legislative fights in Congress could lead to a renaissance in the movement.
?

Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises

Politico 7/19 (Mitch McConnell’s fractured Senate GOP caucus , Read more: http://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/senate-republicans-splintering-94451.html~~23ixzz2amsQ0772)
These Senate GOP factions aren’t set in stone, and some Republicans float from one
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government or default on the debt unless Obama caves to their spending demands.

Destroys the economy—- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating

Brown 13 (Abram, 1/4, "GOP’s Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy," www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)
That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in
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, though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different.

Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Burrows and Harris 2009 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
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and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶ 

Pakistan

We are phasing out of drone strikes in Pakistan

Walsh and Khan 9-6 (Declan and Ismail, U.S. Drone Strike Kills 6 in Pakistan, Fueling Anger, New York Times, 6 September 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/07/world/asia/us-drone-strike-kills-6-in-pakistan-fueling-anger.html?partner=rss26emc=rss26_r=0, da 9-11-13) PC

The rate of American drone strikes in Pakistan has dropped in recent months, and
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line, and we hope it’s going to be very, very soon."

Drone strikes are less utilized in the status quo, and are killing record low levels of civilians- takes out their Internal link to instability

Cahall 13 (Bailey, research associate with the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, July 2nd 2013, New report says CIA drone strikes in Pakistan at an all-time low, afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/02/report_cia_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_at_all_time_low
A new report released by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism on Monday notes that the
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sharply falling civilian casualty rate for the past year on CNN.com. 

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability- multiple alternatives cause.

Javaid ’11 (Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies 26 Chairperson Department of political
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concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.

====Taliban takeover and Pakistani collapse inevitable====
IANS 11 (India’s largest independent news service, January 16, "A Disintegrating Pakistan: Choices For The United States And India" http://www.sify.com/news/a-disintegrating-pakistan-choices-for-us-and-india-news-international-lbqjaeheiee.html)
Islamic fanaticism, conjoined with military authoritarianism, has ripped Pakistan to shreds and soon
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we have known them, it is indeed the end of the affair.

No Indo-Pak war – multiple factors prevent.

Mutti 9 (James, Master’s degree in International Studies from the University of Washington, Has over a decade of expertise covering South Asia geopolitics, "Mumbai Misperceptions: War is Not Imminent", Demockracy
http://demockracy.com/four-reasons-why-the-mumbai-attacks-wont-result-in-a-nuclear-war/~~

Fearful of imminent war, the media has indulged in frantic hand wringing about Indian
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and is using its regional influence to bring more diplomatic pressure on Pakistan.

Norms

Double bind - either

A) Fears of international backlash and creating a precedent for U.S. strikes prevent China drone use

Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, and Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 (Andrew and Austin, China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13) PC

Drones, able to dispatch death remotely, without human eyes on their targets or
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areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China’s Defence Ministry.

OR

B) Actors can’t be checked which makes drone prolif and use inevitable

Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html, da 8-2-13) PC

Obama administration officials have said they are weighing various options to codify the use of
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have to first stop science, and then business, and then war."

No risk of US/China war—-Chinese heg isn’t a threat, economic interdependence checks, miscalc won’t happen and deterrence checks escalation

Art 10 (Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University and Fellow at MIT Center for International Studies Fall, Robert J, Christian A., Political Science Quarterly, "The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul," Volume 125, ~233, http://www.psqonline.org/99_article.php3?byear=201026bmonth=fall26a=01free~~
China does not present the type of security threat to the United States that Germany
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another, then the character of their relation and their competition changes dramatically. 

No China war – consensus of experts.

Fettweis 10 (Christopher, Professor Political Science at Tulane,  "Dangerous Times?: The International Politics of Great Power Peace", Washington, DC, USA: Georgetown University Press, p 128,¶ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/asulib/Doc?id=1043949326ppg=128-http://site.ebrary.com/lib/asulib/Doc?id=1043949326ppg=128, RSR~

The diminution of military influence on policymaking is indicative of a broader generational change that
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be a good neighbor is the best step for which anyone can hope.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: Jason Regnier

1

A. Our interpretation is that the affirmative should have to instrumentally defend the institutional implementation of a topical plan.

B. Violation – the aff doesn’t defend a plan.

C. Best for fairness.

1. Plan focus is the only predictable way of affirming the resolution.  Philosophical and theoretical concerns certainly play into the ways that policies are made, but the resolution only calls for us to defend and/or question political-institutional implementations of these kinds of concerns.

2. Plan focus is the only way to ensure a fair division of ground.  The affirmative has the advantage of trying to solve the most heinous problems of the status quo—without plan focus, debates devolve into whether or not things like racism, sexism, classism, or homophobia are good or bad.  While problems are often less contestable, solutions to these problems are—we can debate about whether or not a particular proposal will fix or worsen these problems and proffer our own solutions.

3. Topical version of the aff—approach targeted killing of queers through the USFG.

We must combine Queer Theory with specific institutional appeals to create social change and resistance against oppression
 Kirsch 00, professor of comparative studies at Florida Atlantic University
Max, Queer Theory and Social Change, 2000, page 42 AJM  GoogleBooks

Because much of Queer theory confuses personal action with structural power, it asserts the
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than the self as text. It must accommodate the individual in society.

D. Best for education:

1. Their infatuation to theoretical purity makes political and institutional engagement impossible.  Political engagement is always cast against the theoretical purity of abstract philosophizing.  This also turns their argument because, despite their radical aspirations, critique smuggles metaphysical distinctions between thinking and acting, purity and impurity, and truth and falsity into the judge’s decisionmaking calculus.

Yar 2k (Majid, Ph.D in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, "Arendt’s Heideggerianism: Contours of a `Postmetaphysical’ Political Theory?," Cultural Values, Volume 4, Issue 1, January, Academic Search Complete)

Similarly, we must consider the consequences that this ’ontological substitution’ for the essence of
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politics of any other practical and normative ends in the process.~21~

2. The political is value to life—it is how originally solipsistic lives become incarnate and real to themselves.

Arendt 1958 ~Hannah, The Human Condition, pp. 196-199~
The original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailty had been the foundation of the
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like a dream, intimately and exclusively our own but without reality.29

3. No solvency for their critique without institutional focus.  We must try to change policy in order to change the world—the concentration of power in the hands of political elites is inevitable, so we must work within that system to check oppression and violence.

Themba-Nixon 2k ~Makani, Executive Director of the Praxis Project, Colorlines 3.2, pg. 12~

The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is
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should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.

2

1. Modern capitalism reifies desire into the commodity-form, so the critique of capital is a prerequisite to queer liberation.

Floyd 1998 ~Kevin, "Making History: Marxism, Queer Theory, and Contradiction in the Future of American Studies," Cultural Critique 40, jstor~
Lukacs’s definition of reification in terms of a radical economic restructuring of subjectivity and objectivity
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modern categories of sexual subjectivity, into the heterosexual/homosexual binary itself.

2. Privileging discourse and ideas guarantees mystifying the material conditions that cause class oppression – only a return to material criticism can confront the material oppression of global capitalism

Zavarzadeh 3 (Mas’ud, "The Pedagogy of Totality" p.3-4, in "JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics", Volume 23.1, http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol23.1.html)

Berube’s lesson obscures this CIA which is an extension of U.S. corporations
AND

it is ideology (as I outline it later in this essay).

3. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear

Foster 5 ~John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, "Naked Imperialism", http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm-http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm~~

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
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needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

4. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes

Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

5. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions

Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which
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force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 

6. Capitalism is the cause of heteronormativity – homosexuality threatens the family system and its supply of workers

Bukowski 8 (May, UNSEEN IDENTITY: CLASS, MASCULINITY, AND HOMOSEXUALITY IN E. M. FORSTER’S MAURICE AND A. T. FITZROY’S DESPISED AND REJECTED. A Thesis Presented by Jeffrey Charles Bukowski to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont)

The capitalist class system forces the maintenance of clearly defined private and public identities,
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the appropriate public identity that agrees with the heteronormative family structure under capitalism.

7. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking

Marx 1859 (Karl, a pretty important dude. "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: Preface" http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm) JM
edited for gendered language

In the social production of their existence, ~people~ inevitably enter into definite
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conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.  

Case

The K represents queerness in opposition to heteronormative space—this re-codes queerness as a stable identity with the essential quality of resistance.
Oswin 08  Professor of Geography @ Nat’l University of Singapore

Natalie,  "Critical geographies and the uses of sexuality: deconstructing queer space" Progress in Human Geography 32(1) p. 89 AJM

Geographical engagements with queer theory  have put the lives of non-heterosexuals on  the
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queer geography that engages deeply  with feminist, postcolonial and critical race  theories.   

Identity politics’ resistance to postmodernism fails—there needs to be a break from postmodernism to create fundamental changes to existing structures

Brown 95 (Wendy Brown PhD Political Philosophy, professor of political science Berkeley "States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity" pp. 49)

Precisely because of its incessant revelation of settled practices and identities as contingent, its
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where political analyses and norms can be proffered and contested is supremely important.

Visions for identity must be replaced with visions for the common in order to successfully bring about the end of structures of dominance.

Brown 95 (Wendy Brown PhD Political Philosophy, professor of political science Berkeley "States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity" pp. 50-51)
Such spaces are crucial for developing the skills and practices of postmodern judgment, addressing
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us the greatest possibility of countering postmodern social fragments and political disintegrations. ¶

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Augustana CE | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

1

A. Interp: War Powers Authority refers to capacities explicitly granted by Congress – that means the aff must restrict authority under the WPR, AUMF, or NDAA

1. and#34;War Powersand#34; refer to Congressional abilities – Presidential CINC powers are distinct

Gallagher 11 served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, Pakistan-Afghanistan Coordination Cell (Joseph V. III, Parameters, Summer 2011, pp. 23-24, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/ Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf)
First, consider the constitutional issue of power imbalance. Central to the Constitution is
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, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 217.

2. Authority means expressly granted – assertions by the president don’t count

Words and Phrases 04  (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275)
U.S.N.Y. 1867.  Under the federal judiciary act
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. 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829

B. Violation – the aff seeks to restrict a power the President has asserted for himself

C. Reasons to prefer

1. Predictable ground

Our interpretation limits the aff to 3 definitive congressional acts that authorize presidential action: the NDAA, the AUMF, and the WPR. All negative link arguments stem from congressional retraction of authorization for the President.

2. Explodes the topic – Existing executive assertions of power allow the President to ignore all laws – the aff could pass new restrictions on literally anything

Schwarz, senior counsel, and Huq, associate counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, 2007 ~Frederick A.O., Jr., partner at Cravath, Swaine 26 Moore, chief counsel to the Church Committee, and Aziz Z, former clerk for the U.S. Supreme Court, Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror, p. 153~
Familiar failings from the Cold War era and earlier history returned to haunt the nation
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founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.

3. Makes the topic bidirectional - The War Powers Resolution proves that and#34;restrictionsand#34; on undelegated powers are a massive increase in Presidential authority by licensing unconstitutional behavior.

Woods 06  Senior fellow in American history at the Ludwig von Mises Institute (Thomas E., Jr., and#34;The War Powers Resolution Fraud.and#34;  February 4, http://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/02/ thomas-woods/the-war-powers-resolution-fraud/
Congress did pass the War Powers Resolution, to be sure. But if anything
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fixed law, despite violating the letter and the spirit of the Constitution.

D. Topicality is a voting issue for Fairness and Education.

2

Text: The Executive branch of the United States should require that terrorism suspects are tried in federal court within 18 months of detention or release the suspects.

The president has the authority.

Posner 13
(Eric Posner, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, is a co-author of The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic and Climate Change Justice, and#34;President Obama Can Shut Guantanamo Whenever He Wantsand#34; May 2, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/president_obama_can_shut_guantanamo_whenever_he_wants_to.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/president_obama_can_shut_guantanamo_whenever_he_wants_to.html, KB)

The NDAA does not, however, ban the president from releasing detainees. Section
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I. The Supreme Court has confirmed that the president has this authority.

Federal courts solve better than any alternatives.

Parry, Professor of Law at the Lewis 26 Clark Law School, ’10
~John, and#34;LIGHT AT THE END OF THE PIPELINE?: CHOOSING A FORUM FOR SUSPECTED TERRORISTSand#34;, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW, Vol. 156, No. 356, 2010, RSR~
A number of commentators have advanced proposals for dealing¶ with suspected terrorists. Many
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commissions¶ and hybrid courts are a solution in search of a problem.

3

Tea Party is failing—lack of public support, elected representatives, and infighting

Edwards-Levy 13 ~Ariel, associate polling editor at Huffington Post Politics, and#34;Tea Party Hits Record Level of Unpopularity in Public Opinion Polland#34;, The Huffington Post Politics, January 7 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/07/tea-party-poll_n_2425833.html~~AM-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/07/tea-party-poll_n_2425833.html5dAM

The Tea Party is more unpopular than ever before, according to a Rasmussen poll
AND
both found that about 20 percent of adults were supporters of the movement.

The plan is a huge win

Grim 13 (Ryan Grim, June 11, 2013, and#34;Divisions Over National Security State Scramble Old Alliances, Political Coalitions,and#34; Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/11/nsa-leak_n_3421415.html)

The contours of the debate around security and civil liberties that began the day after
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to the NSA’s surveillance programs, but they found similar patterns of partisanship.

Tea Party wins snowball—- saves their influence in Congress

Cillizza 12 (Chris Cillizza, December 4, 2012, and#34;Is the tea party dead? Or just resting?,and#34; Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/04/whither-the-tea-party/)

And Jon Lerner, a Republican consultant who works closely with the Club For Growth
AND
coming legislative fights in Congress could lead to a renaissance in the movement.

Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises

Politico 7/19 (Mitch McConnell’s fractured Senate GOP caucus , Read more: http://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/senate-republicans-splintering-94451.html~~23ixzz2amsQ0772)
These Senate GOP factions aren’t set in stone, and some Republicans float from one
AND
government or default on the debt unless Obama caves to their spending demands.

Destroys the economy—- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating

Brown 13 (Abram, 1/4, and#34;GOP’s Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy,and#34; www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)

That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in
AND
, though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different.

Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Burrows and Harris 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶ 

4

Legislating rights allows the state to politicize life – this emerging biopolitics is the foundation of giving and taking rights at any moment

Agamben 1998 ~Giorgio, Prof. of Philosophy and Aesthetics at the University of Verona~ Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. P. 127-128.~
Arendt does no more than offer a few, essential hints concerning the link between
AND
born)—thus closes the open circle of ~hu~man’s birth.

Biopolitics dooms us to indistinction that allows fascism, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and the horrors of the concentration camp to be made real. Although not apparent, the creation of homo sacer through biopolitics is running a hidden course like a secret river through the democratic system

Agamben 1998 ~Giorgio: Professor of Philosophy and Aesthetics at the University of Verona Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. P. 120-123.
1.2 Karl Lowith was the first to define the fundamental charac¬ter of totalitarian
AND
modernity, whose metamorphoses and disguises we will have to learn to recognize.

Vote Negative to embrace Whatever Being - we should disengage from traditional politics and using sovereign power to grant rights; instead, we should embrace the indistinguishable character of being.

Caldwell 2004 ~Anne, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville.~ Bio-Sovereignty and the Emergence of Humanity Theory and Event 7:2. 48-53 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v007/7.2caldwell.html-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v007/7.2caldwell.html~~
Can we imagine another form of humanity, and another form of power? The
AND
a non-state world, made up of whatever life, appears.

Tourture

====Extinction outweighs – it’s irreversible. ====
Anissimov 4
~Michael Anissimov, science and technology writer focusing specializing in futurism, founding director of the Immortality Institute—a non-profit organization focused on the abolition of nonconsensual death, member of the World Transhumanist Association, associate of the Institute for Accelerating Change, member of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology’s Global Task Force, 2004, and#34;Immortalist Utilitarianism,and#34; Accelerating Future, May, Available Online at http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/works/immethics.htm, Accessed 09-09-2011~
They fear social ostracization if they focus on and#34;Doomsday scenariosand#34; rather than traditional
AND
be discarded in favor of making prevention of such risks a central focus.

Innocents will be hurt inevitably in warfare—torture is key to stopping more innocents from dying

Harris, 05
(Sam, PhD in neuroscience from UCLA and Co-Founder and Chairman of Project Reason, and#34;In Defense of Tortureand#34;, Oct 17, www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html NL)
In modern warfare, and#34;collateral damageand#34;—the maiming and killing innocent noncombatants—
AND
found in how the suffering of the tortured or the collaterally damaged appears.

Gitmo torture policies are legal

White and Leonning, 06
(Josh White and Carol Leonning, writers for the Washington Post, and#34;U.S. Cites Exception in Torture Banand#34;, March 3, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/02/AR2006030202054_pf.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/02/AR2006030202054_pf.html NL)
Bush administration lawyers, fighting a claim of torture by a Guantanamo Bay detainee,
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and#34; and he is no longer on a hunger strike, Henry said.

1 chance torture will give us valuable information makes it worthwhile

Harris, 05
(Sam, PhD in neuroscience from UCLA and Co-Founder and Chairman of Project Reason, and#34;In Defense of Tortureand#34;, Oct 17, www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html NL)
Opponents of torture will be quick to argue that confessions elicited by torture are notoriously
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are unwilling to torture, we should be unwilling to wage modern war.

It’s specifically good in Gitmo—it’s how we got Bin Laden

Groves, 11
(Jason, writer for Dailymail.co.uk, and#34;Guantanamo torture was the key: Detainees led the CIA to Bin Laden’s hideoutand#34;, May 3, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1382893/Osama-Bin-Laden-dead-CIA-led-hideout-Guantanamo-detainees.html-http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1382893/Osama-Bin-Laden-dead-CIA-led-hideout-Guantanamo-detainees.html NL)
Detainees at Guantanamo Bay provided the crucial breakthrough in hunting down Osama Bin Laden,
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escape from Afghanistan. One courier in particular had our constant attention.’

Guantanamo is much better than it used to be and it’s legal

NPR, 13
(National Public Radio staff writers, and#34;In Guantanamo, Have We Created Something We Can’t Close?and#34;, May 11, www.npr.org/2013/05/11/183180798/in-guantanamo-have-we-created-something-we-cant-close-http://www.npr.org/2013/05/11/183180798/in-guantanamo-have-we-created-something-we-cant-close NL)
Gonzales says he still believes, as he did in 2001, that the detention
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. and#34;People still may not like it ... but it is lawful.and#34;

Inherency

~23Oops, Obama did your aff.  The review board is already happen.

New review board gives prisoners a fair trial

RT News 7/20
(and#34;Gitmo indefinite detainees to have cases reviewed ahead of Senate hearing on prison shutdownand#34;, July 20, rt.com/usa/guantanamo-detainees-cases-reviewed-368/ NL)
According to an email to attorneys from periodic review secretariat director retired Navy Rear Admiral
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witnesses who are reasonably available and willing to provide information that is relevant.

Secrecy

Doesn’t solve prisoner abuse – they only claim to solve torture but claim impacts off of solving prisoner abuse.

Instead of free-flow of info leading to more democratic government and more power in the hands of the public, it has merely privatized the control that the government used to have, and information has just created new powers, new lines of exclusion and inclusion.

Dean 01 ~From Technocracy to Technoculture, 2001, Jodi Dean , professor of political theory, research and writing focus on the contemporary space and possibility of politics. Books include: Solidarity of Strangers (1996), Aliens in America (1998), Publicity’s Secret (2002), Zizek’s Politics (2006), Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies (2009), Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive (2010).~

1984 came and went and Big Brother is still not watching. Most obviously:
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the lure of secrets and the promise of revelation circulate throughout cyberia’s networks.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 7 | Opponent: K State MK | Judge: Justin Kirk

1

A. Our interpretation is that the affirmative should have to instrumentally defend the institutional implementation of a topical plan.

B. Violation – the aff doesn’t defend a plan.

C. Best for fairness.

1. Plan focus is the only predictable way of affirming the resolution.  Philosophical and theoretical concerns certainly play into the ways that policies are made, but the resolution only calls for us to defend and/or question political-institutional implementations of these kinds of concerns.

2. Plan focus is the only way to ensure a fair division of ground.  The affirmative has the advantage of trying to solve the most heinous problems of the status quo—without plan focus, debates devolve into whether or not things like racism, sexism, classism, or homophobia are good or bad.  While problems are often less contestable, solutions to these problems are—we can debate about whether or not a particular proposal will fix or worsen these problems and proffer our own solutions.

3. Topical version of the aff: The United States Congress should establish statutory restrictions on the president of the United State’s War Powers Authority in the area of offensive cyber operations.

Disengagement from traditional politics is the worst in cynical leftist garbage – our hypothesizing about the complex inner-working of government is key to creating space for the critique

McClean 1 (David E. McClean, 2001, "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Am. Phil. Conf., www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/ Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty’s Achieving Our Country
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class." 

D. Best for education:

1. Their infatuation to theoretical purity makes political and institutional engagement impossible.  Political engagement is always cast against the theoretical purity of abstract philosophizing.  This also turns their argument because, despite their radical aspirations, critique smuggles metaphysical distinctions between thinking and acting, purity and impurity, and truth and falsity into the judge’s decisionmaking calculus.

Yar 2k (Majid, Ph.D in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, "Arendt’s Heideggerianism: Contours of a `Postmetaphysical’ Political Theory?," Cultural Values, Volume 4, Issue 1, January, Academic Search Complete)

Similarly, we must consider the consequences that this ’ontological substitution’ for the essence of
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politics of any other practical and normative ends in the process.~21~

2. The political is value to life—it is how originally solipsistic lives become incarnate and real to themselves.

Arendt 1958 ~Hannah, The Human Condition, pp. 196-199~
The original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailty had been the foundation of the
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like a dream, intimately and exclusively our own but without reality.29

3. No solvency for their critique without institutional focus.  We must try to change policy in order to change the world—the concentration of power in the hands of political elites is inevitable, so we must work within that system to check oppression and violence.

Themba-Nixon 2k ~Makani, Executive Director of the Praxis Project, Colorlines 3.2, pg. 12~

The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is
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should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.

2

1. A focus on discourse is an abandonment of real change – we must use a materialist focus to solve oppression

Cloud 1 (Dana L. Cloud, Associate Professor, Communication Studies UT Austin, "The Affirmative Masquerade," American Communication Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Spring 2001, http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm-http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm)

At the very least, however, it is clear that poststructuralist discourse theories have
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It is the means for producing transformative knowledges. (p. 7)  

2. Using imperialism as a focus point kills any chance at change —capital is transnational and imperialism is a byproduct - this ends any chance at a perm and makes the impacts worse by affirming institutions of global capital.

Robinson 7 (Professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, William, 2007, "Beyond the Theory of Imperialism: Global Capitalism and the Transnational State" Societies Without Borders, 2 (2007) 5-26 p. 9-16, RSR)

Harvey offers no explicit conception of the state but he acknowledges that state behavior has
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claim that the US state functions to serve (US national) capital.

3. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions

Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which
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force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away. 

4. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes

Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Case

When the white gaze apprehends suffering, this takes place against a backdrop of disciplinarity wherein suffering is commodified and exchanged against the white subject’s inability to be anything other than white.  The suffering of the other becomes an empty receptacle for white fantasy whereby we disavow institutional investments which are constructed out of suffering.  As long as discourses are arranged according to the illusion of authenticity and as long as our politics are hierarchialized according to the way that they penetrate to the truth of cultural identities, the basic structure of hegemonic imperialism which retains the power to discipline these identities remains intact.

Debate exacerbates these problems: the ballot commodifies identities and arranges them according to the most "authentic" experiences of suffering and cultural identity.

Bowman 2010 ~Paul, professor of cultural studies at Cardiff University.  "INTRODUCTION
Rey Chow and postcolonial social semiotics," Social Semiotics 20.4~
A confession: a predictable confession. Part of me feels like a joke,
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vital. Such is the orientation of Rey Chow’s ongoing body of work.

Their guilt denies all human agency to the Third World – they replicate the very imperialist obsession they critique

Bruckner 86 ~Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 126-127~

Because they are former colonial peoples, the Africans, Vietnamese, and South Americans
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of Third-Worldism and it has all the characteristics of colonialist thinking.

Their tracing of the historical victimization of the Orient at the hands of America essentializes West and East, replicates colonialism

Teitelbaum, and Litvak 6 ~Senior Fellows, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, Joshua and Meir, Senior Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies at Tel Aviv University, "Students, Teachers and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol 10, No 1, p. 33-34~

THE ESSENTIALIST DICHOTOMY BETWEEN THE ORIENT AND THE OCCIDENT There is a contradiction between two
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libraries in the Middle East, which is surely not the case. 53