BC AFF CITES UMKC

ROUND 2 v WEBER

Advantage Overview

Judicial signals are effective even in the face of violations by the other branches of government

Sidhu 11

Dawinder S. Sidhu is an assistant professor of Law at the University of New Mexico School of Law and Founding Director of the Discrimination & National Security Initiative, Pluralism Project at Harvard University. "Judicial Review as Soft Power: How the Courts Can Help Us Win the Post-9/11 Conflict," American University National Security Law Brief, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2011). Available at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/nslb/vol1/iss1/4

The United States has been charged with being unfaithful to its own laws and values

AND

and as such should be considered a positive instrument of American soft power.

2AC T-Restriction=Prohibtion

We meet that

Hathaway 12

Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts, and Sirine Shebaya,Oona Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School. The remaining authors are J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, April 2012, THE POWER TO DETAIN: DETENTION OFTERRORISM SUSPECTS AFTER 9/11, Yale Journal of International Law 2012 p. 19-20

The D.C. Circuit panel’s opinion in al-Bihani v. Obama

AND

thereby allowing the government to detain individuals without any intention of prosecuting them.

Restrictions are limitations

Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis

The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in

AND

a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

The aff meets that

Riley 11

Katherine Riley is a Staff Writer for the Boston College International & Comparative Law

Review, "Inapposite" and "Amorphous": The D.C. Circuit's Rejection of International Law, 34

B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. E. Supp. 95 (2011), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol34/iss3/8

The Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, however, affirmed

AND

courts¶ seek to determine the limits of the President’s war powers.30

“area” doesn’t require throughout – means any part within

MLW 13

(Michigan Legislative Website, “125.903 Urban redevelopment corporations law; definitions.,” http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ljwnlw451lksdk45un0h1245))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-125-903

The term “area” shall mean a portion of a city which a planning

AND

area of which such buildings, improvements or real property form a part.

In means within

RHD 13

(Random House Dictionary)

in [in] Show IPA preposition, adverb, adjective, noun, verb, inned, in·ning. preposition 1. (used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.

Their interp is arbitrary

Kinopf 6 – Associate Professor, Georgia State University College of Law

Neil, 10-1-06, “The Statutory Commander in Chief” Indiana Law Journal Vol 81 Issue 4

It will be the rare circumstance indeed where Congress has actually been silent. To

AND

respond effectively to the unforeseeable¶ exigencies of a particular hostage crisis.35

Generic 2AC

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6

(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50

One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as

AND

upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute

Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when

AND

Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Evaluate consequences

Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, “End, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It

AND

are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness

The alt fails – material habits influence state action more than discourse – they can’t change top-level state behavior

Hopf 10

(Ted, Associate Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “The logic of habit in International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations published online 16 June 2010, http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/06/08/1354066110363502)

The logics of habit and practice differ fundamentally from the logics of consequences and appropriateness

AND

of habit foregrounds (Eidelman and Crandall, 2009: 85–106).

2AC Ontology—Wapner

Existence is a pre-requisite to ontology.

Wapner ‘3

Paul, Associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, DISSENT, Winter, http://www.dissentmgazine.org/menutest/artiles/wi03/wapner.htm

The third response to eco-criticism would require critics to acknowledge the ways in

AND

-critics must be supporters, in some fashion, of environmental preservation.

Even if they prove our method is flawed, the endpoint can be accurate

Owen 2

David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘[a]

AND

to the kind of vicious circle that they can, collectively, generate.

Object oriented ontology causes paradigm wars

Wendt ‘2k

Alexander Wendt, Professor of Int’l Security, Dept of Political Science at Ohio State University. 2000. International Relations: Critical Concepts in Political Science. ed: Andrew Linklater, p. 640

An attempt to use a structurationist-symbolic interactionist discourse to bridge the two research

AND

they can come to see this through the smoke and heat of epistemology.

2AC Root Cause – Sharpe

Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship

Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233)

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework

AND

today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

1AR Ontology Not 1st - Graham

Ontology 1st creates passivity– only analysis of specific scenarios with empirical trends can create an ethical method for politics

Graham 99

Phil Graham, Graduate School of Management , University of Queensland, Heidegger’s Hippies: A dissenting voice on the “problem of the subject” in cyberspace, Identities in Action! 1999, http://www.philgraham.net/HH_conf.pdf

Societies should get worried when Wagner’s music becomes popular because it usually means that distorted

AND

which “subjective death” and ontology are the least of all worries.

We can accurately identify patterns (economics, IR, etc.) even if we can’t explain the entire system

Walt 5 – Professor @ Harvard

Stephen, “The relationship between theory and policy in international relations” Annual review of political science, 23-48

Policy decisions can be influenced by several types of knowledge. First, policy makers

AND

know why they occur, or if our explanations for them are incorrect.

Aff solves environment and exceptionalism

Block must be able to explain in the context of the aff why it causes serial policy failure

Predictions Good + Accurate – De Mesquita

Predictions are accurate but don’t have to be perfect, just good enough

De Mesquita 12 BRUCE BUENO DE MESQUITA, Julius Silver Professor of Politics at New York University, July 18th, 2011“FOX-HEDGING OR KNOWING: ONE BIG WAY TO KNOW MANY THINGS” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/18/bruce-bueno-de-mesquita/fox-hedging-or-knowing-one-big-way-to-know-many-things/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+cato-unbound+%28Cato+Unbound%29

It is hard to say which is more surprising, that anyone still argues that

AND

and evaluated through replicable tests of evidence, we progress toward better prediction.

DA

Only changes authority beyond Al-Qaeda

Hathaway 12

Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts, and Sirine Shebaya,Oona Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School. The remaining authors are J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, April 2012, THE POWER TO DETAIN: DETENTION OFTERRORISM SUSPECTS AFTER 9/11, Yale Journal of International Law 2012 p. 19-20

The D.C. Circuit panel’s opinion in al-Bihani v. Obama

AND

nations. However, the nature and extent of that authority remains controversial.

ROUND 3 v IOWA

A2: I-Law Bad

Doesn’t enforce I-law

Alford 06

Roger Alford. Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University School of Law,¶ Foreign Relations as a Matter of¶ Interpretation: The Use and Abuse of¶ Charming Betsy http://www.law.uga.edu/intl/alford.pdf

¶ The separation of powers conception of Charming Betsy has been¶ aptly summarized as

AND

helps explain foreign relations’ limitations on¶ legislative, executive and judicial authority.¶

Only leads to enforcement of already ratified treaties

Lobel 11

Jules Lobel, Bessie McKee Walthour Endowed Chair and Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh

School of Law. Fundamental Norms, International Law, and the

Extraterritorial Constitution, http://www.yjil.org/docs/pub/36-2-lobel-fundamental-norms.pdf

¶ Nor would the use of international law to inform the reach of¶ constitutional

AND

only prohibit conduct which would violate the U.S. Constitution.169

2AC Terrorism DA

Only changes authority beyond Al-Qaeda

Hathaway 12

Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts, and Sirine Shebaya,Oona Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School. The remaining authors are J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, April 2012, THE POWER TO DETAIN: DETENTION OFTERRORISM SUSPECTS AFTER 9/11, Yale Journal of International Law 2012 p. 19-20

The D.C. Circuit panel’s opinion in al-Bihani v. Obama

AND

nations. However, the nature and extent of that authority remains controversial.

Perceptions of procedural justice key indicator of Muslim-American cooperation on anti-terrorism efforts

Tyler et al 10

Tom, Stephen Schulhofer, Aziz Huq, University of Chicago School of Law, PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 296, “LEGITIMACY AND DETERRENCE EFFECTS IN COUNTER‐ TERRORISM POLICING: A STUDY OF MUSLIM AMERICANS”

Our principal findings are as follows. We find a robust correlation between perceptions of

AND

of anti-terrorism policing strategies concerning Muslim Americans within the United States.

No impact

Mueller ‘11

John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. “The truth about al Qaeda”. August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/

Outside of war zones, the amount of killing carried out by al Qaeda and

AND

terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

I law DA

No impact

Xinbo 12

[Wu Xinbo is Professor at the Center for American Studies, Fudan University, Forging Sino–US Partnership in the Twenty-First Century: opportunities and challenges, Journal of Contemporary China, p. UM libraries, preview available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670564.2011.647429#preview]

Whether China and the US can forge a genuine partnership depends on their capability to

AND

the objectives the two countries seek to advance and the means they employ.

Even those who want international law applied narrowly think the Al-Bihani decision went too far

Kannof 11

ABRAHAM U.KANNOF, Executive Symposium Editor, Emory International Law Review¶ DUELING NATIONALITIES: DUAL CITIZENSHIP, ¶ DOMINANT AND EFFECTIVE NATIONALITY, AND THE ¶ CASE OF ANWAR AL-AULAQI ¶ 1372 EMORY INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 25 ¶ http://www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/eilr/25/25.3/Kannof.pdf

Despite established precedent that international law is incorporated into ¶ U.S. law

AND

well beyond ¶ what even the government has argued in this case.”182

Your generic i-law bad arguments don’t apply—Charming Betsy is not the incorporation of i-law—it is a narrow application of international law

Martin 05

edited by Francisco Forrest Martin is the former Ariel F. Sallows Professor of Human Rights at the University of Saskatchewan College of Law International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis

google books

Professor Turley advances a... criticism of the separation of powers conception. He argues

AND

political branches, especially the Executive, regarding the content of international law.

Court Captial

Unipolarity inevitable

Kapila 10

Dr. Subhash Kapila 10 is an International Relations and Strategic Affairs analyst and the Consultant for Strategic Affairs with South Asia Analysis Group and a graduate of the Royal British Army Staff College with a Masters in Defence Science and a PhD in Strategic Studies., “21st Century: Strategically A Second American Century With Caveats,” June 26, http://www.eurasiareview.com/201006263919/21st-century-strategically-a-second-american-century-with-caveats.html

Strategically, the 20th Century was decidedly an American Century. United States strategic,

AND

challenge and the strategic distractions arising from the global Islamic flash-points.

2AC Court Capital

The disad is a joke – the court will hear 80 cases this year – they have no spill over link to this specific decision

Klukowski 8-22-13

Ken Klukowski is on faculty at Liberty University School

SUPREME COURT SCHEDULES BIG CASES FOR FIRST PART OF 2013 TERM

http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/08/22/Supreme-Court-Schedules-Big-Cases-for-First-Part-of-2013-Term

On Thursday, the Supreme Court announced its calendar of cases for the first two

AND

people are being coerced to support religion or participate in a religious exercise.

No future uniqueness – The court will make several rulings that are liberal and don’t follow public opinion every term

Gibson & Nelson 8-12-13

James L. Gibson¶ Professor of Government¶ Department of Political Science¶ Washington University in St. Louis¶ Fellow, Centre for Comparative and International Politics¶ Stellenbosch University (South Africa)¶ Michael J. Nelson¶ Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science¶ , August 12, 2013¶ IS THE U.S. SUPREME COURT’S LEGITIMACY GROUNDED IN¶ PERFORMANCE SATISFACTION AND IDEOLOGY?* http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2300515

¶ Still, the size of results they report are claimed to be impressive,

AND

would be necessary to turn even the Court’s most ardent supporters against it.

Uniqueness claims are silly—predictions of Supreme Court decisions are wrong

Reeve 13

ELSPETH REEVE reporter for Atlantic Monthly MAR 27, 2013

http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/03/chaos-looms-if-court-strikes-down-doma-and-punts-prop-8/63610/

It's worth repeating that people who make predictions of how the Court will rule based on oral arguments are frequently proven wrong. Many legal experts incorrectly predicted the demise of Obamacare based on oral arguments in 2012 and were stunned by the decision that upheld its main components.

DOMA thumps

Mears 13

CNN Supreme Court Producer Bill Mears, CNN, “Supreme Court strikes down controversial DOMA provision”, 6/26/13 http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/06/26/breaking-supreme-court-rules-on-same-sex-spouse-benefits/

The Supreme Court has struck down a key provision of the federal Defense of Marriage

AND

to same-sex couples legally married under the laws of their states.

So does voting rights act decision

Wolf 13

Amy Wolf, “Constitutional law expert comments on controversial Supreme Court Voting Rights Act decision”, News at Vanderbilt, 6/28/13, http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2013/06/constitutional-law-expert-comments-on-controversial-supreme-court-voting-rights-act-decision/

In a deeply divided 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court struck down what

AND

reflect progress in racial issues since the map was created in the 1960’s.

Kennedy would support the plan—He is an advocate for using international law

Toobin 05

SWING SHIFTHow Anthony Kennedy’s passion for foreign law could change the Supreme Court.

BY JEFFREY TOOBIN

http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/09/12/050912fa_fact

In fact, Kennedy has a passion for foreign cultures and ideas, and,

AND

on the Family, called Kennedy “the most dangerous man in America.”

The court would not view the plan as controversial—all of the judges endorse applying international law to treaty interpretation

Hollis 10

Duncan Hollis is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and James E. Beasley Professor of Law at Temple University School of Law¶ The Supreme Court takes treaty interpretation seriously: Abbott v. Abbott¶ http://opiniojuris.org/2010/05/17/the-supreme-court-takes-treaty-interpretation-seriously-abbott-v-abbott/

The U.S. Supreme Court handed down its first-ever international family

AND

may demonstrate a more dynamic approach to treaty interpretation issues in the future.

Courts action inevitable and not perceived

Wittes et al 11

Benjamin Wittes, Robert M. Chesney, Larkin Reynolds and The Harvard Law School National Security Research Committee The Emerging Law of Detention 2.0: The Guantánamo Habeas Cases as Lawmaking http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2011/05/guantanamo-wittes

For the seven years following the September 11 attacks, the American debate over the

AND

of the law of detention that is emerging from these decisions.[1]

The court thinks the decision is legit

Sabatello 11

Maya Sabatello holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Southern California and an LL.B. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem she teaches at Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights and at NYU’s Center for Global Affairs

The Politics of Judicial Independence: Courts, Politics, and the Public

edited by Bruce Peabody

My final observation about the broader implications of the Court's current criticism concerns the rise

AND

standards as a step to regain the international reputation that had been damaged.

Turn, Judges perceive reference to international law as increasing their credibility

Sabatello 11

Maya Sabatello holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Southern California and an LL.B. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem she teaches at Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights and at NYU’s Center for Global Affairs

The Politics of Judicial Independence: Courts, Politics, and the Public

edited by Bruce Peabody

My final observation about the broader implications of the Court's current criticism concerns the rise

AND

domestic standards with international ones to avoid embarrassing clashes among the member states.

Transnational judicial dialogue, however, may also explain judiciaries in Israel and the United

AND

standards as a step to regain the international reputation that had been damaged.

The court would not view it as controversial—The DC decision was an attack on the credibility of the court

Rothschild 10

Matthew Rothschild is the editor of The Progressive magazine

A Horrendous Decision on Habeas Corpus

http://progressive.org/wx010910.html

The rule of law just took a beating the D.C. Circuit Court

AND

the hysteria that has taken over the country since the Christmas bombing attempt.

Turn – trying to preserve capital through inaction squanders it. Controversy builds institutional capital

Weinberg 94

Louise, Professor in Civil Jurisprudence @ UT, 65 U. Colo. L. Rev. 887, Lexis

c. The "Institutional Capital" Concern and the Pusillanimous Court Some writers trace

AND

that legitimizes and delegitimizes. That is what we pay it to do.

Winners win – the court must flex its muscles to gain more capital

Merritt 88

Deborah Jones, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law. “THE GUARANTEE CLAUSE AND STATE AUTONOMY: FEDERALISM FOR A THIRD CENTURY.” Columbia Law Review, 88 Colum. L. Rev. 1, Lexis

Professor Jesse Choper has argued vigorously that the Court should save its institutional capital for

AND

the United States' intention when it sends its naval fleet into foreign waters.

Empirically, the court must spend political capital in order to gain more of it

Young 99

Ernest A., Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law, “State Sovereign Immunity and the Future of Federalism,” Sup. Ct. Rev. 1, The University of Chicago, The Supreme Court Review, Lexis

"Political capital," of course, is a pretty vague concept. It might

AND

function as an internal constraint on the Court's willingness repeatedly to confront Congress.

2ac Debt Ceiling

No econ impact

Jervis 11 – Professor of Political Science @ Columbia

Robert, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved

AND

times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Austerity measures solve

LA Times 9-11-13 (“U.S. may hit debt ceiling Oct. 18; Report gives Congress time frame for taking action to avoid a government default.,” Lexis)

A more likely scenario, based on statements Treasury officials made in a 2012 inspector

AND

investments in some federal pension funds and in a currency exchange rate fund.

Court rejection of treaty norms crush the global economy

Sloss 09

David Sloss Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Global Law and Policy

The Role of Domestic Courts in Treaty Enforcement: A Comparative Study

¶ There are at least three distinct reasons why it is important for domestic courts

AND

of treaty norms by domestic courts helps promote better compliance with those norms.

Won’t pass – government shutdown inevitable

Winters 9/12

Michael Sean, National Catholic Reporter, Boehner's Burden, 9/12/13, http://ncronline.org/blogs/distinctly-catholic/boehners-burden

The deepest cause of the looming budget crisis is the process by which our nation

AND

he tries, Boehner will not be able to prevent a government shutdown.

No internal link – Obama ducks the fight – Bush proves

Howell 7

WILLIAM G. HOWELL AND JON C. PEVEHOUSE are Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago and the authors of While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers, “When Congress Stops Wars”, Sept/Oct, http://home.uchicago.edu/~whowell/papers/WhenCongress.htm

After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome

AND

Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Other issues outweigh PC

Sahadi 9/12

Jeanne, CNN, The never-ending charade of debt ceiling fights, 9/12/13, http://money.cnn.com/2013/09/12/news/economy/debt-ceiling/?source=cnn_bin

Lawmakers are tied up in knots over increasing the debt ceiling this fall. But

AND

the debt ceiling. That's an average of more than one a year.

Syria thumps – drains PC and spillsover

Khan 9/11

Naureen, Al-Jazeera America, Obama pays high political price for fumbling on Syria, 9/11/13, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/11/obama-pays-high-politicalpriceforhandlingofsyria.html

Fire came from usually friendly quarters too. Liberal Sen. Bernie Sanders, I

AND

“Accidental diplomacy,” Bonjean said, was no way to exude leadership.

The plan happens in October

Klukowski 13

KEN KLUKOWSKI legal reporter for Breitbart 22 Aug 2013

http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/08/22/Supreme-Court-Schedules-Big-Cases-for-First-Part-of-2013-Term

By federal law, the Supreme Court’s term each year begins on the first Monday

AND

weekly conferences on each Friday during the early months of the Court’s Term.

Winners win – PC is a false concept

Hirsh 13

Michael, chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 2/7/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly

AND

change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.”

PC not key – all about the GOP

Sargent 9/12

Greg, Washington Post, The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders, 9/12/13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/09/12/the-morning-plum-senate-conservatives-stick-the-knife-in-house-gop-leaders/

The divisions have gotten so bad that conservative Senate Republicans are now openly ripping into

AND

it even could sink any lower — is utterly irrelevant to that question.

Continuing resolution thumps the link and the economy

Fecke 9/13

Jeff, Care2, Republicans Hold Their Breath, and the Country, Until Obamacare is Stopped, 9/13/13, http://www.care2.com/causes/republicans-would-rather-shut-the-government-down-than-get-over-obamacare.html

While the possibility of American intervention in Syria has been at the forefront of the

AND

mention a whole host of negative repercussions from stopping all but essential services.

Charming Betsy is not controversial

Dubay 11

Carolyn A. Dubay, Associate Editor, International Judicial Monitor

Customary International Law in the United States: The Role of the Charming Betsy Doctrine

http://www.judicialmonitor.org/archive_winter2011/generalprinciples.html

¶ The extent to which customary international law, or the law of nations,

AND

problem that will require continued development in the courts in the coming years.

Courts shield

Whittington 5 Keith E., Cromwell Professor of Politics – Princeton University, ““Interpose Your Friendly Hand”: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court”, American Political Science Review, 99(4), November, p. 585, 591-592

There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their

AND

action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.

Obama won’t spend PC and passage is inevitable

Dovere 9/12

Edward, Reporter, Politico, “W.H. aides: Obama prepared for shutdown if necessary”, http://www.politico.com/politico44/2013/09/wh-aides-obama-prepared-for-shutdown-if-necessary-172540.html

White House aides went to the Hill Thursday morning to reassure House Democratic leaders that

AND

and not engage in these games that inflict unnecessary wounds on our economy.”

ROUND 5 v UCO

AT: Technology Link

Tech is inevitable – can’t turn it off, and not solely related to capitalism

Andersen 13

(Ross, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction,” Interview w/ Nick Bostrom, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)//BB

One possible strategic response to human-created risks is the slowing or halting of

AND

technology, so shutting it down is a very hard thing to do.

Warming Reps

Apocalyptic representations of global warming are necessary to motivate change – serves as a key cite for coalition-building

-must be accompanied by a solution – not as an inevitable fact

Buell 10 – Professor @ Queens

Frederick Buell, professor of English at Queens College and also a member of the World Studies, American Studies and Environmental Studies programmes, Future Ethics, pg. 30-32

To fully understand these changes, I argue, we need not to discard but

AND

that has become todays foremost environmental concern and thus site for reinventing apocalypse.

Discourse of apocalypse is key to motivate

Romm 12 – PhD in Physics @ MIT

Joe, “Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ‘Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate”, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/#more-432546

The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday

AND

by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture.

2ac International Norms

No alternative order is possible – means its try or die for effective international institutions

Ikenberry 11

John, “The Future of the Liberal World Order” [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order] May/June //mtc

NO OTHER ORDER¶ Meanwhile, there is no competing global organizing logic to liberal

AND

of governance -- and no competing political ideals even lurk on the sidelines.

Emphasizing global commonalities prevents oppression – allows transformative democracy to flourish-alternative is authoritarian

-strategies of rejection are useless

Shaw 1 – Professor of IR @ Sussex

Martin, “The unfinished global revolution: intellectuals and the new politics of international relations,” http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf

It is time to rescue the worldwide democratic revolution from the ‘enormous condescension’ (

AND

kind of state machine, war is almost invariably genocidal to some degree.

Schmitt

Liberalism is the best middle ground between Schmitt’s enemy category and friend category, opening space to make ethics relevant

Botwinick ‘5

(Aryeh, received his Ph.D. from the Inter-Disciplinary Program in Political Philosophy at Princeton University in 1973, teaches graduate courses in political theory, “Same/Other versus Friend/Enemy: Levinas contra Schmitt,” Telos Press, pg 50)

In contradistinction to Schmitt, in liberalism which in key respects is the political theory

AND

the centuries and that are epitomized in the values of life and peace.

2AC T-Restriction=Prohibtion

Restrictions are limitations

Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis

The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in

AND

a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

The aff meets that

Riley 11

Katherine Riley is a Staff Writer for the Boston College International & Comparative Law

Review, "Inapposite" and "Amorphous": The D.C. Circuit's Rejection of International Law, 34

B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. E. Supp. 95 (2011), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol34/iss3/8

The Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, however, affirmed

AND

courts¶ seek to determine the limits of the President’s war powers.30

“area” doesn’t require throughout – means any part within

MLW 13

(Michigan Legislative Website, “125.903 Urban redevelopment corporations law; definitions.,” http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ljwnlw451lksdk45un0h1245))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-125-903

The term “area” shall mean a portion of a city which a planning

AND

area of which such buildings, improvements or real property form a part.

In means within

RHD 13

(Random House Dictionary)

in [in] Show IPA preposition, adverb, adjective, noun, verb, inned, in·ning. preposition 1. (used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.

Their interp is arbitrary

Kinopf 6 – Associate Professor, Georgia State University College of Law

Neil, 10-1-06, “The Statutory Commander in Chief” Indiana Law Journal Vol 81 Issue 4

It will be the rare circumstance indeed where Congress has actually been silent. To

AND

respond effectively to the unforeseeable¶ exigencies of a particular hostage crisis.35

2AC Death J

We meet – safeguarding human life is important because death is the ultimate evil – it obliterates metaphysics and ontology, even if suffering is good death must be prevented

Paterson 3 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island

Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, SAGE

Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that

AND

destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.

Extinction first—existential risks require unique risk calculus

Bostrom 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)

Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course

AND

eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

People should have the option of choosing their own value to life

Kymlicka ‘3

(Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought: A Reader And Guide. Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498)

The defining feature of liberalism is that it ascribes certain fundamental freedoms to each individual

AND

judge what is valuable, and to learn about other ways of life.

2AC Death

Benatar votes aff—Even if they’re right about future generations, it is unethical to kill off everyone who is currently living

Belshaw 7

[Christopher Belshaw (Professor @ the Open University), “David Benatar Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence” Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 9 June 2007, http://utilitarianism.com/benatar/index.html ]

Chapter 6 is somewhat more technical than the others. Perhaps for that reason

AND

continuing in existence. The obvious objections to Benatar's central thesis still stand.

K

Generic 2AC

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6

(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50

One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as

AND

upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute

Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when

AND

Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Evaluate consequences

Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, “End, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It

AND

are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness

The alt fails – material habits influence state action more than discourse – they can’t change top-level state behavior

Hopf 10

(Ted, Associate Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “The logic of habit in International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations published online 16 June 2010, http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/06/08/1354066110363502)

The logics of habit and practice differ fundamentally from the logics of consequences and appropriateness

AND

of habit foregrounds (Eidelman and Crandall, 2009: 85–106).

2AC VTL

There is an infinite value to life- your framework causes extinction

Kateb 92

Kateb, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, ‘92 (George, The Inner Ocean, pg. 144)

To sum up the lines of thought that Nietzsche starts, I suggest first that

AND

the perspective of nothing, which in part is the perspective of extinction.

Value to life is intrinsic

Schwarz 2

Schwartz, Lecturer in Philosophy of Medicine at the Department of General Practice at the University of Glasgow ‘2 (Lisa, “Medical Ethic: A case-based approach, Chapter 6: A Value to Life: Who Decides and How?”)

The second assertion made by supporters of the quality of life as a criterion for

AND

imperative that we must treat persons as rational and as ends in themselves.

Even if life isn’t valuable, people think that it is – dying makes suffering worse for the living, which is a relevant concern

Tännsjö 11 – Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University

Torbjörn, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” online: http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf

I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if

AND

suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

2AC Root Cause – Sharpe

Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship

Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233)

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework

AND

today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

Perm

Basing giving the land back on recognition of Indian treaty claims is key to uniting international indigenous struggles – the alt can’t access this because it entirely IGNORES treaties

Churchill 93

Ward Churchill. Struggle for the Land, 1993 p4-5

Today, a lot of people question the necessity and utility of centralized nation-

AND

who champion causes ranging from protection of the environment to universal human rights.

Even if we disagree on the roots of violence, we can still combine both struggles to spuractivism against oppression

Butler 04

Judith Butler, UC Berkeley, in 2004

(Precarious Life: the Powers of Mourning and Violence, page 48)

We could have several engaged intellectual debates going on at the same time and find

AND

political beliefs and modes and means of agency that bring us into activism.

The perm solves- in order to fight imperialism you have to work within the system

Tiffin 89

Helen Tiffin et. al., Associate Professor in the Department of English at the University of Queensland, 1989, The Empire Writes Back Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, p. 180

Despite the force of critiques like Parry’s it is hard to go along, finally

AND

achieve a genuinely transformative and interventionist criticism of contemporary post-colonial reality.

AT Grande

Grande’s Red Pedagogy ignores Indigenous Distinctiveness – entrenching the Western lens

Calderón ‘6

Dolores Calderón is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Education, Culture and Society. University of California, Los Angeles – “Review: Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande” – Journal Issue: InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, 2(1), 2006, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qp8c635#page-1

Grande asserts that critical theorists, and in particular critical pedagogues, have overlooked the

AND

her work does not incorporate the distinctiveness and centeredness of Indian knowledge systems.

Grande’s tie to academia entrenches a Western epistemic frame. Means they don’t solve

Beauline-Sterling 12
Rebecca Beauline-Sterling is an MA student at York University. She self-describes as “an Indigenous woman negotiating her way through academia”. She is also a contributor to NeoAmericanist: A Review of Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande – Originally published in the Vol. 6 no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2012) issue. http://www.neoamericanist.org/review/red-pedagogy

I certainly appreciate much of Grande’s thought, as her writing resonates with some of

AND

without struggle. Our voices grow stronger beyond the boundaries prescribed for us.

Tie to critical theory bad – it would actually DISCOURAGE integrating Red Pedagogy into meaningful practice

Zanetti ‘97

Lisa A. Zanetti is an associate professor in the Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs at the University of Missouri-Columbia –American Review of Public Administration, June 1997 v27 n2 p145 (23) – via Business and Company Resource Center database.

This is not to suggest that a critical research tradition does, or should,

AND

. Such a situation does little to overcome the marginalization of critical theory.

Theory is too limited – doesn’t explain how Red Pedagogy can successfully infuse into the classroom

Hemmings 7

Annette Hemmings is an associate professor in the Educational Foundations Program at the University of Cincinnati. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Mar., 2007), pp. 4-27 –Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4624886)

Sandy Grande (2004), a Quechua scholar who has infused critical theory and pedagogical

AND

implications for the importance and difficulty in enacting shared conceptions of moral authority.

ROUND 8 v NU MV

2AC T-Restriction=Prohibtion

We meet—the plan prohibits the president from exercising detention authority outside of treaty law

Hathaway 12

Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts, and Sirine Shebaya,Oona Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School. The remaining authors are J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, April 2012, THE POWER TO DETAIN: DETENTION OFTERRORISM SUSPECTS AFTER 9/11, Yale Journal of International Law 2012 p. 19-20

The D.C. Circuit panel’s opinion in al-Bihani v. Obama

AND

is also inconsistent with basic principles of detention authority pursuant to prosecution authority.

Restrictions are limitations

Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis

The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in

AND

a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

The aff meets that

Riley 11

Katherine Riley is a Staff Writer for the Boston College International & Comparative Law

Review, "Inapposite" and "Amorphous": The D.C. Circuit's Rejection of International Law, 34

B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. E. Supp. 95 (2011), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol34/iss3/8

The Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, however, affirmed

AND

courts¶ seek to determine the limits of the President’s war powers.30

“area” doesn’t require throughout – means any part within

MLW 13

(Michigan Legislative Website, “125.903 Urban redevelopment corporations law; definitions.,” http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ljwnlw451lksdk45un0h1245))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-125-903

The term “area” shall mean a portion of a city which a planning

AND

area of which such buildings, improvements or real property form a part.

In means within

RHD 13

(Random House Dictionary)

in [in] Show IPA preposition, adverb, adjective, noun, verb, inned, in·ning. preposition 1. (used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.

Increase requires a net increase

Words and Phrases 8

(20B W&P – 265-265)

Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991. Term “increase,” as used

AND

. West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

Their interp is arbitrary

Kinopf 6 – Associate Professor, Georgia State University College of Law

Neil, 10-1-06, “The Statutory Commander in Chief” Indiana Law Journal Vol 81 Issue 4

It will be the rare circumstance indeed where Congress has actually been silent. To

AND

respond effectively to the unforeseeable¶ exigencies of a particular hostage crisis.35

2AC Circuit Courts CP

En banc review undermines the credibility of the court and undermines the rule of law

Banks 97

Christopher P. Banks, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Akron. Ph.D¶ Copyright (c) 1997 Journal of Law & Politics, Inc.¶ Journal of Law & Politics¶ Spring, 1997¶ 13 J. L. & Politics 377¶ LENGTH: 12481 words¶ ARTICLE: The Politics of En Banc Review in the "Mini-Supreme Court" http://www.kent.edu/polisci/people/upload/the-politics-of-en-banc-review-in-the-mini-supreme-court.pdf

Ironically, the strengths of en banc review also are the source of its primary

AND

had numerous opportunities¶ to use it as a method to decide cases.

En banc decisions crush the credibility of the court and will not be followed

Banks 97

Christopher P. Banks, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Akron. Ph.D¶ Copyright (c) 1997 Journal of Law & Politics, Inc.¶ Journal of Law & Politics¶ Spring, 1997¶ 13 J. L. & Politics 377¶ LENGTH: 12481 words¶ ARTICLE: The Politics of En Banc Review in the "Mini-Supreme Court

As the per curiam, en banc ruling in Bartlett implies, politically motivated en

AND

law and, of course, less finality of decision in the future.

Key to access signaling

Waring 12

CHRISTINE WARING J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, expected 2012; B.A., Elliott School of International Affairs at The George Washington University, 2007. Spring, 2012 Georgetown Journal of International Law¶ 43 Geo. J. Int'l L. 927

¶ ¶ RECOMMENDATIONS ¶ ¶ The Supreme Court should review the holding in Al-

AND

the lives of the Guantanamo detainees are at stake. (215) ¶

Links to politics

Schwartz 13

Herman, professor of law at the American University, Obama's Federal Judiciary Failures, 1/2/13, The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/171976/obamas-federal-judiciary-failures#

In his new book The Oath, Jeffrey Toobin writes that Obama believes that elections

AND

then fight for the nominees in the Senate and before the general public.

2AC Terrorism DA

Only changes authority beyond Al-Qaeda

Hathaway 12

Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts, and Sirine Shebaya,Oona Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School. The remaining authors are J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, April 2012, THE POWER TO DETAIN: DETENTION OFTERRORISM SUSPECTS AFTER 9/11, Yale Journal of International Law 2012 p. 19-20

The D.C. Circuit panel’s opinion in al-Bihani v. Obama

AND

nations. However, the nature and extent of that authority remains controversial.

Perceptions of procedural justice key indicator of Muslim-American cooperation on anti-terrorism efforts

Tyler et al 10

Tom, Stephen Schulhofer, Aziz Huq, University of Chicago School of Law, PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 296, “LEGITIMACY AND DETERRENCE EFFECTS IN COUNTER‐ TERRORISM POLICING: A STUDY OF MUSLIM AMERICANS”

Our principal findings are as follows. We find a robust correlation between perceptions of

AND

of anti-terrorism policing strategies concerning Muslim Americans within the United States.

No impact—empirics prove and states would respond rationally

Mueller ‘11

John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. “The truth about al Qaeda”. August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/

Outside of war zones, the amount of killing carried out by al Qaeda and

AND

terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

2ac Flex DA

The court has already affirmed the international law applies in 2006—thumps the link

Sidhu 11 – JD @ GWU, MA @ JHU

(Dawinder, “Judicial Review as Soft Power: How the Courts Can Help Us Win the Post-9/11 Conflict,” AU National Security Law Brief, 1.1)

Further, the Court ruled, the commissions themselves are not consistent with American legal

AND

President Bush to try Hamdan violated both the UCMJ and Geneva Conventions.207

Hamdi and Hamdan decisions thump

Flaherty 11

MARTIN S. FLAHERTY, Leitner Professor of International Law, Fordham Law Schoo

Judicial Foreign Relations Authority

After 9/11 http://www.nylslawreview.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Flaherty-56-1.pdf

For a time the forces of judicial isolationism appeared to have gained traction and ¶

AND

¶ reassertion will mean restoration, however, still remains to be seen.¶

Deference ensures adventurism and global instability

Scales and Spitz 12 (Ann Scales, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, and Laura Spitz, University of Colorado Law School, “The Jurisprudence of the Military-Industrial Complex”, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol1/iss3/51)

So, what is the jurisprudence of the military-industrial complex? The short

AND

have got to be used or sold so that we can build more.

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6

(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50

One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as

AND

upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute

Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when

AND

Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Evaluate consequences

Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, “End, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It

AND

are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness

The alt fails – material habits influence state action more than discourse – they can’t change top-level state behavior

Hopf 10

(Ted, Associate Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “The logic of habit in International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations published online 16 June 2010, http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/06/08/1354066110363502)

The logics of habit and practice differ fundamentally from the logics of consequences and appropriateness

AND

of habit foregrounds (Eidelman and Crandall, 2009: 85–106).

Alt Fails

Movements fails—current crisis and movements will just reintrench capitalism—even Zizek votes aff

***alt doesn’t solve—left can’t provide an answer

Zizek 12

Slavoj, “Capitalism: How the left lost the argument.” [http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/08/capitalism] October 8 //mtc

One might think that a crisis brought on by rapacious, unregulated capitalism would have

AND

demonstrate that die only solution to a failure of capitalism is more capitalism.¶

Long Term Focus Good

Focusing on long term catastrophic impacts key to create an ethics of preventative foresigh – transforms the debate community into a weak public capable of influencing public policy through preventative foresight

Kurasawa ‘4

(Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)

In the twenty-first century, the lines of political cleavage are being drawn

AND

a position to ‘move up’ and become institutionalized via strong publics.7

And, a culture of preventative foresight in international public policy is key to solve multiple scenarios for extinction- adopting our framework is key

Kurasawa ‘4

(Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)

In addition, farsightedness has become a priority in world affairs due to the appearance

AND

case of the spiraling African and Asian AIDS pandemics, appear particularly glaring.

And, within this framework we must orient ourselves towards concern for future generations- the alternative is a regression into concern for only immediate problems, ensuring procrastination and an unethical disregard for those who follow us

Kurasawa ‘4

(Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)

In the previous section, I described how the capacity to produce, disseminate,

AND

the basis of which civic associations can enact the work of preventive foresight.